Difference between revisions of "Geneva Conventions (1949)" - New World Encyclopedia

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The '''Geneva Conventions''' consist of four [[treaties]] formulated in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], that set the standards for [[international law]] for humanitarian concerns. They chiefly concern the treatment of non-combatants and [[prisoners of war]]. They do not affect the use of weapons in war, which are covered by the [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)|Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907]] and the [[Geneva Protocol]] on the use of gas and biological weapons of 1925. They were founded by two young men—[[Henry Dunant]], founder of the [[Red Cross]] movement and [[Gustave Moynier]], a co-founder—who cordially loathed each other. The role of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, a voluntary humanitarian organization as a non-state actor in monitoring the treatment of prisoners of war, and the conduct of war according to international law, is an example of how [[civil society]], because it is sometimes more neutral than states, can play a pivotal part in helping to create a better, more humane world.
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{{toc}}
 
[[Image:Geneva Conventions 1864-1949.svg|thumb|Development of the Geneva Conventions from 1864 to 1949.]]
 
[[Image:Geneva Conventions 1864-1949.svg|thumb|Development of the Geneva Conventions from 1864 to 1949.]]
The '''Geneva Conventions''' consist of four [[treaties]] formulated in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], that set the standards for [[international law]] for humanitarian concerns. 
+
==Background==
 
 
They chiefly concern the treatment of non-combatants and [[prisoners of war]].
 
They do not affect the use of weapons in war, which are covered by the [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)|Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907]] and the [[Geneva Protocol]] on the use of gas and biological weapons of 1925.
 
  
==Background==
+
The Conventions were the results of efforts by [[Henry Dunant]], who was motivated by the horrors of war he witnessed at the [[Battle of Solferino]] in 1859. The adoption of the First Convention followed the foundation of the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] whose founder, Henry Dunant, initiated international negotiations that produced the Convention for the Amelioration of the Wounded in Time of War in 1864.<ref>The text is given at the ICRC website, [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/115?OpenDocument Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference] Retrieved February 7, 2008.</ref>
  
The Conventions were the results of efforts by [[Henry Dunant]], who was motivated by the horrors of war he witnessed at the [[Battle of Solferino]] in 1859. In [[1977]] and [[2005]] three separate amendments, were made part of the Geneva Conventions.
+
Because some belligerents in [[World War II]] had abused the principles contained in earlier conventions, an International Red Cross conference in Stockholm in 1948 extended and codified the existing provisions. The conference developed four conventions, which were approved in Geneva on August 12, 1949.
  
The adoption of the First Convention followed the foundation of the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] in [[1863]]. The text is given in the [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/115?OpenDocument Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference, Geneva, 26-29 October 1863].
+
In the decades following World War II, the large number of anticolonial and insurrectionary wars threatened to render the Geneva Conventions obsolete. After four years of Red Cross-sponsored negotiations, two additional protocols to the 1949 conventions, covering both combatants and civilians, were approved in 1977.  
  
As of [[2 August]] [[2006]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebSign?ReadForm&id=375&ps=P|work=International Humanitarian Law|title=State Parties / Signatories: Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross|accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> when the [[Montenegro|Republic of Montenegro]] adopted the four conventions, they have been ratified by 194 countries.
+
As of August 2, 2006,<ref>Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, State Parties, Signatories [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebSign?ReadForm&id=375&ps=P Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, Parties / Signatories] Retrieved February 7, 2008.</ref> when the [[Montenegro|Republic of Montenegro]] adopted the four conventions, they have been ratified by 194 countries.
  
As per article 49, 50, 129 and 146 of the Geneva Conventions I, II, III and IV, respectively, all signatory states are required to enact sufficient national laws that make grave violations of the Geneva Conventions a punishable criminal offense.
+
As per article 49, 50, 129 and 146 of the Geneva Conventions I, II, III and IV, respectively, all signatory states are required to enact sufficient national laws that make grave violations of the Geneva Conventions a punishable criminal offense, this is what created the [[international criminal court]].
 +
More than 180 states have become parties to the 1949 conventions. Approximately 150 states are party to Protocol I; more than 145 states are party to Protocol II, though the United States is not. In addition, more than 50 states have made declarations accepting the competence of international fact-finding commissions to investigate allegations of grave breaches or other serious violations of the conventions or of Protocol I.
  
 
==The conventions and their agreements==
 
==The conventions and their agreements==
  
* [[First Geneva Convention]] ''"for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field"'' (first adopted in [[1864]], last revision in [[1949]])
+
* [[First Geneva Convention]] ''"for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field"'' (first adopted in 1864, last revision in 1949)
* [[Second Geneva Convention]] ''"for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea"'' (first adopted in [[1949]], successor of the [[1907]] [[Hague Convention]] X)
+
* [[Second Geneva Convention]] ''"for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea"'' (first adopted in 1949, successor of the 1907 [[Hague Convention]] X)
* [[Third Geneva Convention]] ''"relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War"'' ([[Third Geneva Convention (1929)|first adopted in 1929]], last revision in [[1949]])
+
* [[Third Geneva Convention]] ''"relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War"'' ([[Third Geneva Convention (1929)|first adopted in 1929]], last revision in 1949)
* [[Fourth Geneva Convention]] ''"relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War"'' (first adopted in [[1949]], based on parts of the [[1907]] [[Hague Convention]] IV)
+
* [[Fourth Geneva Convention]] ''"relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War"'' (first adopted in 1949, based on parts of the 1907 [[Hague Convention]] IV)
  
 
In addition, there are three additional amendment protocols to the Geneva Convention:
 
In addition, there are three additional amendment protocols to the Geneva Convention:
  
* [[Protocol I]] ([[1977]]): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of [[12 August]] [[1949]], and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts. As of [[12 January]] [[2007]] it had been ratified by 167 countries.
+
* [[Protocol I]] (1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts. As of January 12, 2007, it had been ratified by 167 countries.
* [[Protocol II]] ([[1977]]): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of [[12 August]] [[1949]], and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts. As of [[12 January]] [[2007]] it had been ratified by 163 countries.
+
* [[Protocol II]] (1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts. As of January 12, 2007, it had been ratified by 163 countries.
* [[Protocol III]] ([[2005]]): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of [[12 August]] [[1949]], and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem. As of June [[2007]] it had been ratified by 17 countries and signed but not yet ratified by an additional 68 countries.
+
* [[Protocol III]] (2005): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem. As of June 2007 it had been ratified by 17 countries and signed but not yet ratified by an additional 68 countries.
  
All four conventions were last revised and ratified in [[1949]], based on previous revisions and partly on some of the 1907 Hague Conventions; the whole set is referred to as the "Geneva Conventions of 1949" or simply the "Geneva Conventions"Later conferences have added provisions prohibiting certain methods of warfare and addressing issues of civil wars. Nearly all 200 countries of the world are "signatory" nations, in that they have ratified these conventions.  
+
All four conventions were last revised and ratified in 1949, based on previous revisions and partly on some of the 1907 Hague Conventions; the whole set is referred to as the "Geneva Conventions of 1949" or simply the "Geneva Conventions." Later conferences have added provisions prohibiting certain methods of warfare and addressing issues of civil wars. Nearly all 200 countries of the world are "signatory" nations, in that they have ratified these conventions.<ref>Texts of all related documents available at the ICRC, [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/CONVPRES?OpenView 1949 Conventions and 1977 Protocols] Retrieved February 7, 2008.</ref>
  
[[Clara Barton]] was instrumental in campaigning for the ratification of the First Geneva Convention by the [[United States]]; the U.S. signed in [[1882]]. By the Fourth Geneva Convention some 47 nations had ratified the agreements.
+
[[Clara Barton]] was instrumental in campaigning for the ratification of the First Geneva Convention by the [[United States]]; the U.S. signed in 1882. By the Fourth Geneva Convention some 47 nations had ratified the agreements.
  
 
== Other Geneva Conventions ==
 
== Other Geneva Conventions ==
  
Other conventions of the [[United Nations]] taking place in Geneva and agreements signed there have become part of international and national laws, but are not to be confused with the above-mentioned treaties though they may be referred to as "Geneva Conventions." These include the [[Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone]], the [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees]] (1951) and [[Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees]] (1967), and others.
+
Other conventions of the [[United Nations]] taking place in Geneva and agreements signed there have become part of international and national laws, but are not to be confused with the above-mentioned treaties though they may be referred to as "Geneva Conventions." These include the [[Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone]], the [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees]] (1951) and [[Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees]] (1967), and others.
 +
 
 +
==Extent of Provisions==
 +
===War on Terror===
 +
The war against terror following the attack on the Twin Towers of [[New York]]'s World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, has raised issues regarding the classification of prisoners. The [[United States]] classified many detainees in its facility at Guantanamo Bay as "illegal combatants" and argued that the terms of the Geneva Convention apply only to those individuals who abide by the rules of law. The [[Red Cross|ICRC]], which has visited the camp and also [[Amnesty International]], have argued that the detainees deserve the full protection of the Geneva Conventions, but the U.S.'s position was that that only some of the provisions of the Convention apply. Following a ruling by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in June 2006 rejecting the use of "special tribunals" to try detainees, and called for the application of the rule of law and conformity with the Geneva Conventions.<ref>Charles Lane, "High Court Rejects Detainee Tribunals." ''Washington Post'', June 30, 2006, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/29/AR2006062900928.html High Court Rejects Detainee Tribunals] Retrieved February 7, 2008.</ref> Subsequently, the U.S. government announced that it would treat all prisoners captured during the war on terror according to the Geneva Conventions. On the one hand, some argue that the war on terror requires a revision of international humanitarian law to deal with changed circumstances, in which non-state actors do not follow the rules of war. On the other hand, the Supreme Court's ruling has been hailed as a vindication of the Geneva Convention's effectiveness.
 +
 
 +
===West Bank and Gaza===
 +
One of the most debated issues surrounds the applicability of the Geneva Conventions to the West bank and Gaza strip following the Israeli occupation. Article two states that "The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance." The [[United Nations]] determined in 1979 that the Geneva Conventions do apply but this has been rejected by [[Israel]], which hold that "the Fourth Geneva Convention is not applicable to the occupied territories."<ref>"The Question of the Observance of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 in Gaza and the West Bank," United Nations, January 1, 1979, [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/b987b5db9bee37bf85256d0a00549525/ceee0a514875a47085256d65007b36c9!OpenDocument The Question of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 in Gaza and the West Bank] Retrieved February 7, 2008.</ref> The [[International Court of Justice]] has ruled that the Convention does apply, which again can be interpreted as a vindication of the extent of the provisions of the Conventions.<ref>"Consider Geneva pact, Israel told," BBC News, August 24, 2004, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3593718.stm Consider Geneva pact, Israel told] Retrieved February 7, 2008.</ref>
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
* [[Attacks on humanitarian workers]]
+
 
* [[Atrocity]]
 
* [[Command responsibility]]
 
* [[Geneva Conference]]
 
* [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)]]
 
 
* [[Human rights]]
 
* [[Human rights]]
* [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]]  
+
* [[Red Cross]]  
 
* [[Laws of war]]
 
* [[Laws of war]]
* [[Nuremberg Principles]]
 
* [[Protective sign]]
 
* [[Reprisal]]s
 
 
* [[War crime]]
 
* [[War crime]]
 +
 +
==Notes==
 +
{{reflist}}
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
+
*Bennett, Angela. 2005. ''The Geneva Convention the hidden origins of the Red Cross.'' Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 9780750941471
 +
*Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, and Howard S. Levie. ''Protection of War Victims Protocol 1 to the 1949 Geneva Conventions''. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, 1979. ISBN 9780379007862
 +
*Jinks, Derek. 2005. ''The rules of war: the Geneva Conventions in the age of terror.'' New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195183627
 +
*Levie, Howard S. ''The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict Protocol II to the 1949 Geneva Conventions''. Scientific collection of the Henry Dunant Institute. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1987. ISBN 9789024734917
 +
* Roth, Kenneth, Minky Worden, and Amy D. Bernstein. 2005.'' Torture - does it make us safer? is it ever OK?: a human rights perspective.'' New York: New Press. ISBN 9781595580573
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
{{wikisource|Geneva Convention}}
+
All links retrieved December 7, 2013.
 +
 
 
*[http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/CONVPRES?OpenView Texts and commentaries of 1949 Conventions & Additional Protocols]
 
*[http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/CONVPRES?OpenView Texts and commentaries of 1949 Conventions & Additional Protocols]
 
*[http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/genevaconventions ICRC overview of the Geneva Conventions]
 
*[http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/genevaconventions ICRC overview of the Geneva Conventions]
*[http://www.genevaconventions.org/ Reference Guide to the Geneva Conventions]
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*[http://www.SupportGenevaConventions.info/ www.SupportGenevaConventions.info: Coalition for re-affirming and extending the Geneva Conventions]
*[http://www.SupportGenevaConventions.info/ www.SupportGenevaConventions.info: Current advocacy for re-affirming and extending the Geneva Conventions. Raises issues about land mines, cluster bombs, depleted uranium munitions and torture. Views Geneva Conventions as cultural consensus in need of continual renewal in relation to changing technologies of war.]
 
 
 
[[Category:Geneva Conventions| ]]
 
[[Category:Code of conduct]]
 
 
 
{{Link FA|de}}
 
  
[[af:Geneefse konvensies]]
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[[Category:History]]
[[ar:اتفاقية جنيف]]
 
[[ca:Convenció de Ginebra]]
 
[[cs:Ženevské úmluvy na ochranu obětí války]]
 
[[da:Geneve-konventionen]]
 
[[de:Genfer Konventionen]]
 
[[es:Convenciones de Ginebra]]
 
[[eo:Konvencioj de Ĝenevo]]
 
[[fr:Conventions de Genève]]
 
[[ko:제네바 협약]]
 
[[hr:Ženevske konvencije]]
 
[[is:Genfarsáttmálarnir]]
 
[[it:Convenzioni di Ginevra]]
 
[[he:אמנות ז'נבה]]
 
[[nl:Geneefse Conventies]]
 
[[ja:ジュネーヴ条約]]
 
[[no:Genèvekonvensjonene]]
 
[[pl:Konwencje genewskie]]
 
[[pt:Convenções de Genebra]]
 
[[ru:Женевские конвенции]]
 
[[simple:Geneva Conventions]]
 
[[sk:Ženevská konvencia]]
 
[[sr:Женевске конвенције]]
 
[[fi:Geneven sopimukset]]
 
[[sv:Genèvekonventionerna]]
 
[[ta:ஜெனீவா உடன்படிக்கை]]
 
[[vi:Công ước Genève]]
 
[[tr:Cenevre Sözleşmeleri]]
 
[[ur:معاہدہ جنیوا]]
 
[[zh-yue:日內瓦公約]]
 
[[diq:Convensiyonê Geneva]]
 
[[zh:日内瓦公约]]
 
  
 
{{Credit|174222942}}
 
{{Credit|174222942}}

Revision as of 21:21, 7 December 2013

Original document

The Geneva Conventions consist of four treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland, that set the standards for international law for humanitarian concerns. They chiefly concern the treatment of non-combatants and prisoners of war. They do not affect the use of weapons in war, which are covered by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and the Geneva Protocol on the use of gas and biological weapons of 1925. They were founded by two young men—Henry Dunant, founder of the Red Cross movement and Gustave Moynier, a co-founder—who cordially loathed each other. The role of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, a voluntary humanitarian organization as a non-state actor in monitoring the treatment of prisoners of war, and the conduct of war according to international law, is an example of how civil society, because it is sometimes more neutral than states, can play a pivotal part in helping to create a better, more humane world.

Development of the Geneva Conventions from 1864 to 1949.

Background

The Conventions were the results of efforts by Henry Dunant, who was motivated by the horrors of war he witnessed at the Battle of Solferino in 1859. The adoption of the First Convention followed the foundation of the International Committee of the Red Cross whose founder, Henry Dunant, initiated international negotiations that produced the Convention for the Amelioration of the Wounded in Time of War in 1864.[1]

Because some belligerents in World War II had abused the principles contained in earlier conventions, an International Red Cross conference in Stockholm in 1948 extended and codified the existing provisions. The conference developed four conventions, which were approved in Geneva on August 12, 1949.

In the decades following World War II, the large number of anticolonial and insurrectionary wars threatened to render the Geneva Conventions obsolete. After four years of Red Cross-sponsored negotiations, two additional protocols to the 1949 conventions, covering both combatants and civilians, were approved in 1977.

As of August 2, 2006,[2] when the Republic of Montenegro adopted the four conventions, they have been ratified by 194 countries.

As per article 49, 50, 129 and 146 of the Geneva Conventions I, II, III and IV, respectively, all signatory states are required to enact sufficient national laws that make grave violations of the Geneva Conventions a punishable criminal offense, this is what created the international criminal court. More than 180 states have become parties to the 1949 conventions. Approximately 150 states are party to Protocol I; more than 145 states are party to Protocol II, though the United States is not. In addition, more than 50 states have made declarations accepting the competence of international fact-finding commissions to investigate allegations of grave breaches or other serious violations of the conventions or of Protocol I.

The conventions and their agreements

  • First Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field" (first adopted in 1864, last revision in 1949)
  • Second Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" (first adopted in 1949, successor of the 1907 Hague Convention X)
  • Third Geneva Convention "relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" (first adopted in 1929, last revision in 1949)
  • Fourth Geneva Convention "relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War" (first adopted in 1949, based on parts of the 1907 Hague Convention IV)

In addition, there are three additional amendment protocols to the Geneva Convention:

  • Protocol I (1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts. As of January 12, 2007, it had been ratified by 167 countries.
  • Protocol II (1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts. As of January 12, 2007, it had been ratified by 163 countries.
  • Protocol III (2005): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem. As of June 2007 it had been ratified by 17 countries and signed but not yet ratified by an additional 68 countries.

All four conventions were last revised and ratified in 1949, based on previous revisions and partly on some of the 1907 Hague Conventions; the whole set is referred to as the "Geneva Conventions of 1949" or simply the "Geneva Conventions." Later conferences have added provisions prohibiting certain methods of warfare and addressing issues of civil wars. Nearly all 200 countries of the world are "signatory" nations, in that they have ratified these conventions.[3]

Clara Barton was instrumental in campaigning for the ratification of the First Geneva Convention by the United States; the U.S. signed in 1882. By the Fourth Geneva Convention some 47 nations had ratified the agreements.

Other Geneva Conventions

Other conventions of the United Nations taking place in Geneva and agreements signed there have become part of international and national laws, but are not to be confused with the above-mentioned treaties though they may be referred to as "Geneva Conventions." These include the Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) and Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (1967), and others.

Extent of Provisions

War on Terror

The war against terror following the attack on the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, has raised issues regarding the classification of prisoners. The United States classified many detainees in its facility at Guantanamo Bay as "illegal combatants" and argued that the terms of the Geneva Convention apply only to those individuals who abide by the rules of law. The ICRC, which has visited the camp and also Amnesty International, have argued that the detainees deserve the full protection of the Geneva Conventions, but the U.S.'s position was that that only some of the provisions of the Convention apply. Following a ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States in June 2006 rejecting the use of "special tribunals" to try detainees, and called for the application of the rule of law and conformity with the Geneva Conventions.[4] Subsequently, the U.S. government announced that it would treat all prisoners captured during the war on terror according to the Geneva Conventions. On the one hand, some argue that the war on terror requires a revision of international humanitarian law to deal with changed circumstances, in which non-state actors do not follow the rules of war. On the other hand, the Supreme Court's ruling has been hailed as a vindication of the Geneva Convention's effectiveness.

West Bank and Gaza

One of the most debated issues surrounds the applicability of the Geneva Conventions to the West bank and Gaza strip following the Israeli occupation. Article two states that "The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance." The United Nations determined in 1979 that the Geneva Conventions do apply but this has been rejected by Israel, which hold that "the Fourth Geneva Convention is not applicable to the occupied territories."[5] The International Court of Justice has ruled that the Convention does apply, which again can be interpreted as a vindication of the extent of the provisions of the Conventions.[6]

See also

Notes

  1. The text is given at the ICRC website, Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference Retrieved February 7, 2008.
  2. Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, State Parties, Signatories Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, Parties / Signatories Retrieved February 7, 2008.
  3. Texts of all related documents available at the ICRC, 1949 Conventions and 1977 Protocols Retrieved February 7, 2008.
  4. Charles Lane, "High Court Rejects Detainee Tribunals." Washington Post, June 30, 2006, High Court Rejects Detainee Tribunals Retrieved February 7, 2008.
  5. "The Question of the Observance of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 in Gaza and the West Bank," United Nations, January 1, 1979, The Question of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 in Gaza and the West Bank Retrieved February 7, 2008.
  6. "Consider Geneva pact, Israel told," BBC News, August 24, 2004, Consider Geneva pact, Israel told Retrieved February 7, 2008.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Bennett, Angela. 2005. The Geneva Convention the hidden origins of the Red Cross. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 9780750941471
  • Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, and Howard S. Levie. Protection of War Victims Protocol 1 to the 1949 Geneva Conventions. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, 1979. ISBN 9780379007862
  • Jinks, Derek. 2005. The rules of war: the Geneva Conventions in the age of terror. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195183627
  • Levie, Howard S. The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict Protocol II to the 1949 Geneva Conventions. Scientific collection of the Henry Dunant Institute. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1987. ISBN 9789024734917
  • Roth, Kenneth, Minky Worden, and Amy D. Bernstein. 2005. Torture - does it make us safer? is it ever OK?: a human rights perspective. New York: New Press. ISBN 9781595580573

External links

All links retrieved December 7, 2013.

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