Goya, Francisco

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'''Goya''' was a court painter to the Spanish Crown and a chronicler of history. He has been regarded both as the last of the [[Old Master]]s, (referring to those painters prior to 1800 who not only displayed great skill, but were also the head of a local artists' guild) and as the first of the moderns (from [[Romanticism]] on). His work was truly revolutionary in its implications. The subversive and subjective element in his art, as well as his bold handling of paint, provided a technical model for the work of later generations of artists, notably [[Édouard Manet|Manet]] and [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]]. As a larger cultural phenomenon, the rise of subjectivism is a hallmark of the modern age in every area. It came to be reflected in the art world through movements like the French [[Impressionism|Impressionists]] and later through Picasso, [[Salvador Dali]] and many others. The emphasis of self-development and self-expression reflects not only a greater importance attached to self-awareness, as well as a redefining of the boundaries and balance between notions of the private versus the public good.
 
'''Goya''' was a court painter to the Spanish Crown and a chronicler of history. He has been regarded both as the last of the [[Old Master]]s, (referring to those painters prior to 1800 who not only displayed great skill, but were also the head of a local artists' guild) and as the first of the moderns (from [[Romanticism]] on). His work was truly revolutionary in its implications. The subversive and subjective element in his art, as well as his bold handling of paint, provided a technical model for the work of later generations of artists, notably [[Édouard Manet|Manet]] and [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]]. As a larger cultural phenomenon, the rise of subjectivism is a hallmark of the modern age in every area. It came to be reflected in the art world through movements like the French [[Impressionism|Impressionists]] and later through Picasso, [[Salvador Dali]] and many others. The emphasis of self-development and self-expression reflects not only a greater importance attached to self-awareness, as well as a redefining of the boundaries and balance between notions of the private versus the public good.
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{{toc}}
 
Many of Goya's works are on display in the Museo del Prado in [[Madrid]].
 
Many of Goya's works are on display in the Museo del Prado in [[Madrid]].
  
 
==Biography==
 
==Biography==
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===Youth===
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===Early years===
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Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Spain, in the province of Aragón in 1746 to Joseph Goya and Gracia Lucientes. He spent his childhood in Fuendetodos, where his family lived in a house bearing the family crest of his mother. His father earned his living as a gilder. About 1749, the family bought a house in the city of Zaragoza and some years later moved into it.
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[[Image:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes 023.jpg|left|thumb|275px|''The Third of May 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid,'' 1814. Oil on canvas, 266 х 345 cm. Museo del Prado]]
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'''Francisco Goya''' was born in Fuendetodos, [[Spain]], in the province of Aragón in 1746 to Joseph Goya and Gracia Lucientes. He spent his childhood in Fuendetodos, where his family lived in a house bearing the family crest of his mother. His father earned his living as a gilder. About 1749, the family bought a house in the city of Zaragoza and some years later moved into it.
  
 
Goya attended school at Escuelas Pias, where he formed a close friendship with Martin Zapater, and their correspondence over the years became valuable material for biographies of Goya. At age 14, he entered apprenticeship with the painter José Luján.
 
Goya attended school at Escuelas Pias, where he formed a close friendship with Martin Zapater, and their correspondence over the years became valuable material for biographies of Goya. At age 14, he entered apprenticeship with the painter José Luján.
  
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He later moved to Madrid where he studied with Anton Raphael Mengs, a painter who was popular with Spanish royalty. He clashed with his master, and his examinations were unsatisfactory. Goya submitted entries for the Royal Academy of Fine Art in 1763 and 1766, but was denied entrance.  
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He later moved to [[Madrid]] where he studied with Anton Raphael Mengs, a painter who was popular with Spanish royalty. He clashed with his master, and his examinations were unsatisfactory. Goya submitted entries for the Royal Academy of Fine Art in 1763 and 1766, but was denied entrance.  
  
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He then journeyed to Rome, where in 1771 he won second prize in a painting competition organized by the City of Parma. Later that year, he returned to Zaragoza and painted a part of the cupola of the Basilica of the Pillar, frescoes of the oratory of the cloisters of Aula Dei, and the frescoes of the Sobradiel Palace. He studied with Francisco Bayeu y Subías and his painting began to show signs of the delicate tonalities for which he became known.
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He then journeyed to [[Rome]], where in 1771 he won second prize in a painting competition organized by the City of Parma. Later that year, he returned to Zaragoza and painted a part of the cupola of the Basilica of the Pillar, frescoes of the oratory of the cloisters of Aula Dei, and the frescoes of the Sobradiel Palace. He studied with Francisco Bayeu y Subías and his painting began to show signs of the delicate tonalities for which he became known.
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[[Image:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes 023.jpg|left|thumb|275px|''The Third of May 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid,'' 1814. Oil on canvas, 266 х 345 cm. Museo del Prado]]
 
  
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===Maturity and success===
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===Marriage and success===
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Goya married Bayeu's sister Josefa in 1774. His marriage to Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa"), and Francisco Bayeu's membership of the Royal Academy of Fine Art—he had been a member since 1765—helped him to procure work with the Royal Tapestry Workshop. There, over the course of five years, he designed some 42 patterns, many of which were used to decorate (and insulate) the bare stone walls of El Escorial and the Palacio Real de El Pardo, the newly built residences of the Spanish monarchs. This brought his artistic talents to the attention of the Spanish monarchs who later would give him access to the royal court. He also painted a canvas for the altar of the Church of San Francisco El Grande, which led to his appointment as a member of the Royal Academy of Fine Art.
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Goya married Bayeu's sister Josefa in 1773. His marriage to Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa"), and Francisco Bayeu's membership of the Royal Academy of Fine Art—he had been a member since 1765—helped him to procure work with the Royal Tapestry Workshop. There, over the course of five years, he designed some 42 patterns, many of which were used to decorate (and insulate) the bare stone walls of El Escorial and the Palacio Real de El Pardo, the newly built residences of the Spanish monarchs. This brought his artistic talents to the attention of the Spanish monarchs who later would give him access to the royal court. He also painted a canvas for the altar of the Church of San Francisco El Grande, which led to his appointment as a member of the Royal Academy of Fine Art.
  
 
In 1783, the Count of Floridablanca, a favorite of King Carlos III, commissioned him to paint his portrait. He also became friends with Crown Prince Don Luis, and lived in his house. His circle of patrons grew to include the Duke and Duchess of Osuna, whom he painted, the King and other notable people of the kingdom.
 
In 1783, the Count of Floridablanca, a favorite of King Carlos III, commissioned him to paint his portrait. He also became friends with Crown Prince Don Luis, and lived in his house. His circle of patrons grew to include the Duke and Duchess of Osuna, whom he painted, the King and other notable people of the kingdom.
  
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After the death of Charles III in 1788 and [[French Revolution|revolution in France]] in 1789, during the reign of Charles IV, Goya reached his peak of popularity with royalty.<ref>''Galeria de Arte transparencias Ancora A Todo Color,'' (Ediciones Minos, 1961). Goya biography from the Museo del Prado. As quoted on [http://eeweems.com/goya/1961_prado_bio.html eeweems.com].Retrieved December 31, 2007. </ref>
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After the death of Charles III in 1788 and [[French Revolution|revolution in France]] in 1789, during the reign of Charles IV, Goya reached his peak of popularity with royalty.<ref>''Galeria de Arte transparencias Ancora A Todo Color,'' (Ediciones Minos, 1961). Goya biography from the Museo del Prado. As quoted on [http://eeweems.com/goya/1961_prado_bio.html eeweems.com]. Retrieved December 31, 2007. </ref>
  
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===''Caprichos''===
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After contracting a high fever in 1792 Goya was left deaf, and he became withdrawn and introspective. During the five years he spent recuperating, he read a great deal about the French Revolution and its philosophy. The bitter series of aquatinted etchings that resulted were published in 1799 under the title ''Caprichos.''  
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After contracting a high fever in 1792 Goya was left deaf, and he became withdrawn and introspective. During the five years he spent recuperating, he read a great deal about the French Revolution and its philosophy. The bitter series of aquatinted etchings that resulted were published in 1799 under the title ''Caprichos.'' The dark visions depicted in these prints are partly explained by his caption, "The sleep of reason produces monsters" (alternate translation: "The dreams of reason produce monsters"). Yet these are not solely bleak in nature and demonstrate the artist's sharp satirical wit, particularly evident in etchings such as ''Hunting for Teeth.'' Additionally, one can discern a thread of the macabre running through Goya's work, even in his earlier tapestry cartoons.
 
  
 
[[Image:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes 054.jpg|thumb|right|275px|''The Family of Charles IV,'' 1800. [[Théophile Gautier]] described the figures as looking like "the corner baker and his wife after they won the lottery."]]
 
[[Image:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes 054.jpg|thumb|right|275px|''The Family of Charles IV,'' 1800. [[Théophile Gautier]] described the figures as looking like "the corner baker and his wife after they won the lottery."]]
  
 
===Painter of royalty===
 
===Painter of royalty===
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In 1799 he was appointed the Spanish royal painter with a salary of 50,000 reales and 500 ducats for a coach. He worked on the cupola of the Hermitage of San Antonio de la Florida; he painted the King and the Queen, royal family pictures, portraits of the Prince of the Peace and many other nobles. His portraits are notable for their disinclination to flatter, and in the case of ''The Family of Charles IV,'' the lack of visual diplomacy is remarkable:<ref>Fred Licht. ''Goya: The Origins of the Modern Temper in Art.'' (Universe Books, 1979), 68. "Even if one takes into consideration the fact that Spanish portraiture is often realistic to the point of eccentricity, Goya's portrait still remains unique in its drastic description of human bankruptcy."</ref>
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In 1799 he was appointed the Spanish royal painter with a salary of 50,000 reales and 500 ducats for a coach. He worked on the cupola of the Hermitage of San Antonio de la Florida; he painted the King and the Queen, royal family pictures, portraits of the Prince of the Peace and many other nobles. His portraits are notable for their disinclination to flatter, and in the case of ''The Family of Charles IV,'' the lack of visual diplomacy is remarkable:  
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<blockquote>Even if one takes into consideration the fact that Spanish portraiture is often realistic to the point of eccentricity, Goya's portrait still remains unique in its drastic description of human bankruptcy.<ref>Fred Licht, ''Goya: The Origins of the Modern Temper in Art'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 1979), 68. </ref></blockquote>
  
 
Goya received orders from many friends within the Spanish nobility. Among those from whom he procured portrait commissions were Pedro de Álcantara Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna and his wife María Josefa de la Soledad, 9th Duchess of Osuna, María del Pilar Teresa Cayetana de Silva y Álvarez de Toledo, thirteenth Duchess of Alba (universally known simply as the "Duchess of Alba"), and her husband José Álvarez de Toledo y Gonzaga, thirteenth Duke of Alba, and María Ana de Pontejos y Sandoval, Marchioness of Pontejos.
 
Goya received orders from many friends within the Spanish nobility. Among those from whom he procured portrait commissions were Pedro de Álcantara Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna and his wife María Josefa de la Soledad, 9th Duchess of Osuna, María del Pilar Teresa Cayetana de Silva y Álvarez de Toledo, thirteenth Duchess of Alba (universally known simply as the "Duchess of Alba"), and her husband José Álvarez de Toledo y Gonzaga, thirteenth Duke of Alba, and María Ana de Pontejos y Sandoval, Marchioness of Pontejos.
  
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===Later years===
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===Later years and death===
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[[Image:Goya - Saturno devorando a su hijo.jpg|left|thumb|140px|''Saturn Devouring his Son,'' 1819. The painting has none of the attributes associated with the classical myth; the title, like all those given to the ''Black Paintings,'' was assigned by others after Goya's death.]]
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As French forces invaded Spain during the Peninsular War (1808–1814), the new Spanish court received him as had its predecessors.
 
As French forces invaded Spain during the Peninsular War (1808–1814), the new Spanish court received him as had its predecessors.
  
 
When Pepa died in 1812, Goya was painting ''The Charge of the Mamelukes'' and ''The Third of May 1808,'' and preparing the series of prints known as ''[[commons:Los desastres de la guerra|The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra)]].''
 
When Pepa died in 1812, Goya was painting ''The Charge of the Mamelukes'' and ''The Third of May 1808,'' and preparing the series of prints known as ''[[commons:Los desastres de la guerra|The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra)]].''
  
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[[Ferdinand VII|King Ferdinand VII]] came back to Spain but relations with Goya were not cordial. In 1814 Goya was living with his housekeeper Doña Leocadia and her illegitimate daughter, Rosario Weiss; the young woman studied painting with Goya, who may have been her father.<ref> [http://www.josedelamano.net/pages/rosarioweiss_b.html] Rosario Weiss. Jose de la Mano Madrid Art Gallery.Retrieved December 31, 2007. </ref> He continued to work incessantly on portraits, pictures of Santa Justa and Santa Rufina, lithographs, pictures of tauromachy, and more.
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[[Ferdinand VII|King Ferdinand VII]] came back to Spain but relations with Goya were not cordial. In 1814 Goya was living with his housekeeper Doña Leocadia and her illegitimate daughter, Rosario Weiss; the young woman studied painting with Goya, who may have been her father.<ref> [http://www.josedelamano.net/pages/rosarioweiss_b.html Rosario Weiss]. Jose de la Mano Madrid Art Gallery. Retrieved December 31, 2007. </ref> He continued to work incessantly on portraits, pictures of Santa Justa and Santa Rufina, lithographs, pictures of tauromachy, and more.
  
 
With the idea of isolating himself, he bought a house near Manzanares, which was known as the ''Quinta del Sordo'' (roughly, "House of the Deaf Man"). There he made the ''Black Paintings.''
 
With the idea of isolating himself, he bought a house near Manzanares, which was known as the ''Quinta del Sordo'' (roughly, "House of the Deaf Man"). There he made the ''Black Paintings.''
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[[Image:Goya_Maja_ubrana2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''[[La Maja Vestida|The Clothed Maja]],'' ca. 1800.]]
 
[[Image:Goya_Maja_ubrana2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''[[La Maja Vestida|The Clothed Maja]],'' ca. 1800.]]
  
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Two of Goya's best known paintings are ''The Nude Maja'' ''(La maja desnuda)'' and ''The Clothed Maja'' ''(La maja vestida).'' They depict the same woman in the same pose, naked and clothed, respectively. He painted ''La maja vestida'' after outrage in Spanish society over the previous ''Desnuda.'' Without a pretense to allegorical or mythological meaning, the painting was "the first totally profane life-size female nude in Western art".<ref>Licht, 83</ref> He refused to paint clothes on her, and instead created a new painting.
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Two of Goya's best known paintings are ''The Nude Maja'' ''(La maja desnuda)'' and ''The Clothed Maja'' ''(La maja vestida).'' They depict the same woman in the same pose, naked and clothed, respectively. He painted ''La maja vestida'' after outrage in Spanish society over the previous ''Desnuda.'' Without a pretense to allegorical or mythological meaning, the painting was "the first totally profane life-size female nude in Western art".<ref>Licht, 83</ref> He refused to paint clothes on her, and instead created a new painting.
  
 
===Darker realms===
 
===Darker realms===
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As he completed this painting, Goya was himself undergoing a physical and mental breakdown. It was a few weeks after the French declaration of war on Spain, and Goya’s illness was developing. A contemporary reported, “the noises in his head and deafness aren’t improving, yet his vision is much better and he is back in control of his balance.” His symptoms may indicate prolonged viral encephalitis or possibly a series of mini-strokes resulting from high blood pressure and affecting hearing and balance centers in the brain.
 
As he completed this painting, Goya was himself undergoing a physical and mental breakdown. It was a few weeks after the French declaration of war on Spain, and Goya’s illness was developing. A contemporary reported, “the noises in his head and deafness aren’t improving, yet his vision is much better and he is back in control of his balance.” His symptoms may indicate prolonged viral encephalitis or possibly a series of mini-strokes resulting from high blood pressure and affecting hearing and balance centers in the brain.
  
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In 1799 he created a series of 80 prints titled ''Caprichos'' depicting what he called
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===''Caprichos''===
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{{cquote|the innumerable foibles and follies to be found in any civilized society, and from the common prejudices and deceitful practices which custom, ignorance, or self-interest have made usual.<ref>[http://www.worldandi.com/newhome/public/2004/february/bkpub1.asp The Sleep of Reason] Linda Simon (www.worldandi.com). Retrieved 2 December 2006.</ref>
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In 1799 Goya published a series of 80 prints entitled ''[[Caprichos]]'', depicting what he described as "the innumerable foibles and follies to be found in any civilized society, and from the common prejudices and deceitful practices which custom, ignorance, or self-interest have made usual."<ref>Linda Simon, [http://www.worldandi.com/newhome/public/2004/february/bkpub1.asp The Sleep of Reason] ''The World & I''. Retrieved December 2, 2006.</ref>
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The dark visions depicted in these prints are partly explained by his caption, "The sleep of reason produces monsters" (alternate translation: "The dreams of reason produce monsters"). Yet these are not solely bleak in nature and demonstrate the artist's sharp satirical wit, particularly evident in etchings such as ''Hunting for Teeth.'' Additionally, one can discern a thread of the macabre running through Goya's work, even in his earlier tapestry cartoons.
  
 
[[Image:Goya.colossus.jpg|right|thumb|225px|''The Colossus,'' 1810.]]
 
[[Image:Goya.colossus.jpg|right|thumb|225px|''The Colossus,'' 1810.]]
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In ''The Third of May, 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid,'' Goya attempted to "perpetuate by the means of his brush the most notable and heroic actions of our glorious insurrection against the Tyrant of Europe"<ref>Francisco Goya, quoted at [http://www.artchive.com/artchive/G/goya/may_3rd.jpg.html Artchive].Retrieved December 31, 2007. </ref> The painting does not show an incident that Goya witnessed; rather it was meant as more abstract commentary.
 
  
 
===''Black paintings'' and ''The disasters''===
 
===''Black paintings'' and ''The disasters''===
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[[Image:Goya-Guerra (33).jpg|thumb|left|300px|''What more can one do?'', from ''The Disasters of War,'' 1812-1815.]]
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In later life Goya bought a house, called ''Quinta del Sordo'' ("Deaf Man's House"), and painted many unusual paintings on canvas and on the walls, including references to [[witchcraft]] and [[war]]. One of these is the famous work ''[[Saturn Devouring His Sons]]'' (known informally in some circles as ''Devoration'' or ''Saturn Eats His Child''), which displays a [[Classical mythology|Greco-Roman]] [[mythology|mythological]] scene of the god [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]] consuming a child, a reference to Spain's ongoing civil conflicts. Moreover, the painting has been seen as "the most essential to our understanding of the human condition in modern times, just as [[Michelangelo]]'s [[Sistine]] ceiling is essential to understanding the tenor of the sixteenth century."<ref>Licht, 167.</ref> This painting is one of 14 in a series called the ''Black Paintings.'' After his death the wall paintings were transferred to canvas and remain some of the best examples of the later period of Goya's life when, deafened and driven half-mad by what was probably an [[encephalitis]] of some kind, he decided to free himself from painterly strictures of the time and paint whatever nightmarish visions came to him. Many of these works are in the Prado museum in Madrid.
  
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In later life Goya bought a house, called ''Quinta del Sordo'' ("Deaf Man's House"), and painted many unusual paintings on canvas and on the walls, including references to witchcraft and war. One of these is the famous work ''[[Saturn Devouring His Sons]]'' (known informally in some circles as ''Devoration'' or ''Saturn Eats His Child''), which displays a [[Classical mythology|Greco-Roman]] [[mythology|mythological]] scene of the god [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]] consuming a child, a reference to Spain's ongoing civil conflicts. Moreover, the painting has been seen as ''"the most essential to our understanding of the human condition in modern times, just as [[Michelangelo]]'s [[Sistine]] ceiling is essential to understanding the tenor of the sixteenth century"''.<ref>Licht, 167.</ref>
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In the 1810s, Goya created a set of aquatint prints titled ''The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra'') which depict scenes from the [[Peninsular War]] of 1808–1814. The scenes are singularly disturbing, sometimes macabre in their depiction of battlefield horror, and represent an outraged conscience in the face of death and destruction. The prints were not published until 1863, 35 years after Goya's death.
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[[Image:Goya-Guerra (33).jpg|thumb|left|300px|''What more can one do?'', from ''The Disasters of War,'' 1812-1815.]]
 
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This painting is one of 14 in a series called the ''Black Paintings.'' After his death the wall paintings were transferred to canvas and remain some of the best examples of the later period of Goya's life when, deafened and driven half-mad by what was probably an [[encephalitis]] of some kind, he decided to free himself from painterly strictures of the time and paint whatever nightmarish visions came to him. Many of these works are in the Prado museum in Madrid.
 
  
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In the 1810s, Goya created a set of aquatint prints titled [[Commons: Los desastres de la guerra|''The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra]]'') which depict scenes from the Peninsular War. The scenes are singularly disturbing, sometimes macabre in their depiction of battlefield horror, and represent an outraged conscience in the face of death and destruction. The prints were not published until 1863, 35 years after Goya's death.
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In ''The Third of May, 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid'', Goya attempted to "perpetuate by the means of his brush the most notable and heroic actions of our glorious insurrection against the Tyrant of Europe."<ref>Francisco Goya, quoted by Kenneth Clark, Looking at Pictures. ''Artchive.com''.</ref> The painting does not show an incident that Goya witnessed; rather it was meant as more abstract commentary.
  
 
==Legacy==
 
==Legacy==
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[[image:GoyaBordeaux.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Remembrance plaque for Goya in Bordeaux]]
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Goya is a pivotal figure in Western art, often described as the last of the old school painters and simultaneously the first of the modern artists, who would influence most of modern art, including [[Romanticism]], French [[Impressionism]] and even [[Pablo Picasso]].
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{{readout||right|250px|Spanish painter Francisco Goya is both the last of the Old Masters and the first of the modern artists}}
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Given his importance, his life and work has been portrayed in film and even opera.
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[[image:GoyaBordeaux.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Remembrance plaque for Goya in Bordeaux]]
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Goya is a pivotal figure in Western art, often described as the last of the old school painters and simultaneously the first of the modern artists, who would influence most of [[modern art]], including [[Romanticism]], French [[Impressionism]] and even [[Pablo Picasso]].
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Given his importance, his life and work has been portrayed in multiple films and even [[opera]].
  
 
===Film portrayals===
 
===Film portrayals===
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* {{imdb title|id=0210717|title=Goya in Bordeaux (1999)}}
 
* {{imdb title|id=0210717|title=Goya in Bordeaux (1999)}}
 
* {{imdb title|id=0216386|title=Volavérunt (1999)}}
 
* {{imdb title|id=0216386|title=Volavérunt (1999)}}
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* [[Goya's Ghosts]] ({{imdb title|id=0455957|title=Goya's Ghosts (2006)}})
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* {{imdb title|id=0455957|title=Goya's Ghosts (2006)}}
  
 
===Operas===
 
===Operas===
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==References==
 
==References==
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* Feuchtwanger, Lion. ''Goya'' (a biographical novel) Edaf, 2002. ISBN 8441410658 (Spanish version, ISBN 8476408838)
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* Feuchtwanger, Lion. ''Goya'' (a biographical novel) Edaf S.A.  ISBN 8441410658 (Spanish version, ISBN 8476408838  
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* Hughes, Robert. ''Goya.'' New York, NY: Knopf, 2006. ISBN 0375711287  
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* Hughes, Robert. ''Goya.'' New York: Knopf, 2006. SBN 0375711287  
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* Licht, Fred. ''Goya: The Origins of the Modern Temper in Art.'' New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 1979. ISBN 0876632940
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* Licht, Fred. ''Goya: The Origins of the Modern Temper in Art.'' Universe Books, 1979.
 
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* [http://eeweems.com/goya/index.html eeweems.com] Goya images, biography and resources
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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{{Commons|Francisco de Goya y Lucientes}}
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All links retrieved April 9, 2024.
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'''General'''
 
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*[http://eeweems.com/goya/index.html Goya images, biography and resources] Retrieved July 11, 2007.
 
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'''Biographies'''
 
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*[http://www.biographyshelf.com/francisco_de_goya_biography.html Biography resources dedicated to Francisco de Goya] Retrieved July 11, 2007.
 
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*[http://www.all-art.org/history372-5.html  Francisco de Goya at all-art.org] Retrieved July 11, 2007.
 
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'''Articles and essays'''
 
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*[http://www.worldandi.com/newhome/public/2004/february/bkpub1.asp ''The Sleep of Reason'' - article in World&I Magazine] Retrieved July 11, 2007.
 
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*[http://www.signandsight.com/features/271.html ''Goya's ghouls''] on the Goya's exhibition in Berlin "Don't forget the happiness of Goya!" by Claudia Schwartz at signandsight.com Retrieved July 11, 2007.
 
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*[http://www.theartwolf.com/goya_black_paintings.htm Francisco de Goya's ''Black paintings''] Retrieved July 11, 2007.
 
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*[http://www.pyreneesguide.com/articles.asp?cID=56&sID=395&aID=1199 Goya and his work in Aragon] Retrieved July 11, 2007.
 
  
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'''Works'''
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*[http://www.signandsight.com/features/271.html ''Goya's ghouls''] on the Goya's exhibition in Berlin "Don't forget the happiness of Goya!" by Claudia Schwartz at signandsight.com
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*{{PDFlink|[http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Goya__Caprichos.pdf ''Caprichos'']|10.0 [[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 10551971 bytes —>}} (PDF in the [http://www.gasl.org/as/referenz Arno Schmidt Reference Library]) Retrieved July 11, 2007.
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*[http://www.theartwolf.com/goya_black_paintings.htm Francisco de Goya's ''Black paintings'']  
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*{{PDFlink|[http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Goya__Guerra.pdf ''Desastres de la guerra'']|10.6 [[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 11169231 bytes —>}} (PDF in the [http://www.gasl.org/as/referenz Arno Schmidt Reference Library]) Retrieved July 11, 2007.
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*[http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Goya__Guerra.pdf ''Desastres de la guerra''] (PDF in the Arno Schmidt Reference Library)  
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*[http://www.all-art.org/neoclasscism/goya_caprichos1.html ''Caprichos'' at all-art.org] Retrieved July 11, 2007.
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*[http://www.wga.hu/html/g/goya/index.html Goya Y Lucientes, Francisco de] Web Gallery of Art
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*[http://www.all-art.org/neoclasscism/goya_war1.html ''Disasters of War'' at all-art.org] Retrieved July 11, 2007.
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<br/>
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*[http://www.all-art.org/neoclasscism/disparates1.html ''Disparates'' at all-art.org] Retrieved July 11, 2007.
 
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*[http://www.all-art.org/neoclasscism/goya_tauromaquia1.html ''Tauromaquia'' at all-art.org] Retrieved July 11, 2007.
 
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*[http://www.wga.hu/html/g/goya/index.html Web Gallery of Art] Retrieved July 11, 2007.
 
  
 
{{romanticism}}
 
{{romanticism}}

Latest revision as of 04:54, 9 April 2024

Francisco Goya
Goya selfportrait.jpg
Goya's self-portrait.
Birth name Francisco José De La Goya y Lucientes
Born March 30, 1746
Fuendetodos
Died April 16, 1828
Bordeaux
Nationality Spanish
Field Painting, Printmaking
Famous works La maja desnuda, 1797–1800
La maja vestida, 1800-05

The Second of May 1808, 1814
The Third of May 1808, 1814
La familia de Carlos IV, 1798

Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (March 30, 1746 – April 16, 1828) was a Spanish painter and printmaker.

Goya was a court painter to the Spanish Crown and a chronicler of history. He has been regarded both as the last of the Old Masters, (referring to those painters prior to 1800 who not only displayed great skill, but were also the head of a local artists' guild) and as the first of the moderns (from Romanticism on). His work was truly revolutionary in its implications. The subversive and subjective element in his art, as well as his bold handling of paint, provided a technical model for the work of later generations of artists, notably Manet and Picasso. As a larger cultural phenomenon, the rise of subjectivism is a hallmark of the modern age in every area. It came to be reflected in the art world through movements like the French Impressionists and later through Picasso, Salvador Dali and many others. The emphasis of self-development and self-expression reflects not only a greater importance attached to self-awareness, as well as a redefining of the boundaries and balance between notions of the private versus the public good.

Many of Goya's works are on display in the Museo del Prado in Madrid.

Biography

Early years

The Third of May 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid, 1814. Oil on canvas, 266 х 345 cm. Museo del Prado

Francisco Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Spain, in the province of Aragón in 1746 to Joseph Goya and Gracia Lucientes. He spent his childhood in Fuendetodos, where his family lived in a house bearing the family crest of his mother. His father earned his living as a gilder. About 1749, the family bought a house in the city of Zaragoza and some years later moved into it.

Goya attended school at Escuelas Pias, where he formed a close friendship with Martin Zapater, and their correspondence over the years became valuable material for biographies of Goya. At age 14, he entered apprenticeship with the painter José Luján.

He later moved to Madrid where he studied with Anton Raphael Mengs, a painter who was popular with Spanish royalty. He clashed with his master, and his examinations were unsatisfactory. Goya submitted entries for the Royal Academy of Fine Art in 1763 and 1766, but was denied entrance.

He then journeyed to Rome, where in 1771 he won second prize in a painting competition organized by the City of Parma. Later that year, he returned to Zaragoza and painted a part of the cupola of the Basilica of the Pillar, frescoes of the oratory of the cloisters of Aula Dei, and the frescoes of the Sobradiel Palace. He studied with Francisco Bayeu y Subías and his painting began to show signs of the delicate tonalities for which he became known.

Marriage and success

Goya married Bayeu's sister Josefa in 1773. His marriage to Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa"), and Francisco Bayeu's membership of the Royal Academy of Fine Art—he had been a member since 1765—helped him to procure work with the Royal Tapestry Workshop. There, over the course of five years, he designed some 42 patterns, many of which were used to decorate (and insulate) the bare stone walls of El Escorial and the Palacio Real de El Pardo, the newly built residences of the Spanish monarchs. This brought his artistic talents to the attention of the Spanish monarchs who later would give him access to the royal court. He also painted a canvas for the altar of the Church of San Francisco El Grande, which led to his appointment as a member of the Royal Academy of Fine Art.

In 1783, the Count of Floridablanca, a favorite of King Carlos III, commissioned him to paint his portrait. He also became friends with Crown Prince Don Luis, and lived in his house. His circle of patrons grew to include the Duke and Duchess of Osuna, whom he painted, the King and other notable people of the kingdom.

After the death of Charles III in 1788 and revolution in France in 1789, during the reign of Charles IV, Goya reached his peak of popularity with royalty.[1]

After contracting a high fever in 1792 Goya was left deaf, and he became withdrawn and introspective. During the five years he spent recuperating, he read a great deal about the French Revolution and its philosophy. The bitter series of aquatinted etchings that resulted were published in 1799 under the title Caprichos.

The Family of Charles IV, 1800. Théophile Gautier described the figures as looking like "the corner baker and his wife after they won the lottery."

Painter of royalty

In 1799 he was appointed the Spanish royal painter with a salary of 50,000 reales and 500 ducats for a coach. He worked on the cupola of the Hermitage of San Antonio de la Florida; he painted the King and the Queen, royal family pictures, portraits of the Prince of the Peace and many other nobles. His portraits are notable for their disinclination to flatter, and in the case of The Family of Charles IV, the lack of visual diplomacy is remarkable:

Even if one takes into consideration the fact that Spanish portraiture is often realistic to the point of eccentricity, Goya's portrait still remains unique in its drastic description of human bankruptcy.[2]

Goya received orders from many friends within the Spanish nobility. Among those from whom he procured portrait commissions were Pedro de Álcantara Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna and his wife María Josefa de la Soledad, 9th Duchess of Osuna, María del Pilar Teresa Cayetana de Silva y Álvarez de Toledo, thirteenth Duchess of Alba (universally known simply as the "Duchess of Alba"), and her husband José Álvarez de Toledo y Gonzaga, thirteenth Duke of Alba, and María Ana de Pontejos y Sandoval, Marchioness of Pontejos.

Later years and death

As French forces invaded Spain during the Peninsular War (1808–1814), the new Spanish court received him as had its predecessors.

When Pepa died in 1812, Goya was painting The Charge of the Mamelukes and The Third of May 1808, and preparing the series of prints known as The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra).

King Ferdinand VII came back to Spain but relations with Goya were not cordial. In 1814 Goya was living with his housekeeper Doña Leocadia and her illegitimate daughter, Rosario Weiss; the young woman studied painting with Goya, who may have been her father.[3] He continued to work incessantly on portraits, pictures of Santa Justa and Santa Rufina, lithographs, pictures of tauromachy, and more.

With the idea of isolating himself, he bought a house near Manzanares, which was known as the Quinta del Sordo (roughly, "House of the Deaf Man"). There he made the Black Paintings.

Unsettled and discontented, he left Spain in May 1824 for Bordeaux and Paris. He settled in Bordeaux. He returned to Spain in 1826 after another period of ill health. Despite a warm welcome, he returned to Bordeaux where he died in 1828 aged 82.

Works

Goya painted the Spanish royal family, including Charles IV of Spain and Ferdinand VII. His themes range from merry festivals for tapestry, draft cartoons, to scenes of war and corpses. This evolution reflects the darkening of his temper. Modern physicians suspect that the lead in his pigments poisoned him and caused his deafness after 1792. Near the end of his life, he became reclusive and produced frightening and obscure paintings of insanity, madness, and fantasy. The style of these Black Paintings prefigure the expressionist movement. He often painted himself into the foreground.

The Maja

The Nude Maja, ca. 1800.
The Clothed Maja, ca. 1800.

Two of Goya's best known paintings are The Nude Maja (La maja desnuda) and The Clothed Maja (La maja vestida). They depict the same woman in the same pose, naked and clothed, respectively. He painted La maja vestida after outrage in Spanish society over the previous Desnuda. Without a pretense to allegorical or mythological meaning, the painting was "the first totally profane life-size female nude in Western art".[4] He refused to paint clothes on her, and instead created a new painting.

Darker realms

In a period of convalescence during 1793–1794, Goya completed a set of eleven small pictures painted on tin; the pictures known as Fantasy and Invention mark a change in his art. These paintings no longer represent the world of popular carnival, but rather a dark, dramatic realm of fantasy and nightmare.

Courtyard with Lunatics is a horrifying and imaginary vision of loneliness, fear and social alienation, a departure from the rather more superficial treatment of mental illness in the works of earlier artists such as Hogarth. In this painting, the ground, sealed by masonry blocks and iron gate, is occupied by patients and a single warden. The patients are variously staring, sitting, posturing, wrestling, grimacing or disciplining themselves. The top of the picture vanishes with sunlight, emphasizing the nightmarish scene below.

This picture can be read as an indictment of the widespread punitive treatment of the insane, who were confined with criminals, put in iron manacles, and subjected to physical punishment. And this intention is to be taken into consideration since one of the essential goals of the enlightenment was to reform the prisons and asylums, a subject common in the writings of Voltaire and others. The condemnation of brutality towards prisoners (whether they were criminals or insane) was the subject of many of Goya’s later paintings.

As he completed this painting, Goya was himself undergoing a physical and mental breakdown. It was a few weeks after the French declaration of war on Spain, and Goya’s illness was developing. A contemporary reported, “the noises in his head and deafness aren’t improving, yet his vision is much better and he is back in control of his balance.” His symptoms may indicate prolonged viral encephalitis or possibly a series of mini-strokes resulting from high blood pressure and affecting hearing and balance centers in the brain.

Caprichos

In 1799 Goya published a series of 80 prints entitled Caprichos, depicting what he described as "the innumerable foibles and follies to be found in any civilized society, and from the common prejudices and deceitful practices which custom, ignorance, or self-interest have made usual."[5]

The dark visions depicted in these prints are partly explained by his caption, "The sleep of reason produces monsters" (alternate translation: "The dreams of reason produce monsters"). Yet these are not solely bleak in nature and demonstrate the artist's sharp satirical wit, particularly evident in etchings such as Hunting for Teeth. Additionally, one can discern a thread of the macabre running through Goya's work, even in his earlier tapestry cartoons.

The Colossus, 1810.

Black paintings and The disasters

What more can one do?, from The Disasters of War, 1812-1815.

In later life Goya bought a house, called Quinta del Sordo ("Deaf Man's House"), and painted many unusual paintings on canvas and on the walls, including references to witchcraft and war. One of these is the famous work Saturn Devouring His Sons (known informally in some circles as Devoration or Saturn Eats His Child), which displays a Greco-Roman mythological scene of the god Saturn consuming a child, a reference to Spain's ongoing civil conflicts. Moreover, the painting has been seen as "the most essential to our understanding of the human condition in modern times, just as Michelangelo's Sistine ceiling is essential to understanding the tenor of the sixteenth century."[6] This painting is one of 14 in a series called the Black Paintings. After his death the wall paintings were transferred to canvas and remain some of the best examples of the later period of Goya's life when, deafened and driven half-mad by what was probably an encephalitis of some kind, he decided to free himself from painterly strictures of the time and paint whatever nightmarish visions came to him. Many of these works are in the Prado museum in Madrid.

In the 1810s, Goya created a set of aquatint prints titled The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra) which depict scenes from the Peninsular War of 1808–1814. The scenes are singularly disturbing, sometimes macabre in their depiction of battlefield horror, and represent an outraged conscience in the face of death and destruction. The prints were not published until 1863, 35 years after Goya's death.

In The Third of May, 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid, Goya attempted to "perpetuate by the means of his brush the most notable and heroic actions of our glorious insurrection against the Tyrant of Europe."[7] The painting does not show an incident that Goya witnessed; rather it was meant as more abstract commentary.

Legacy

Did you know?
Spanish painter Francisco Goya is both the last of the Old Masters and the first of the modern artists
Remembrance plaque for Goya in Bordeaux

Goya is a pivotal figure in Western art, often described as the last of the old school painters and simultaneously the first of the modern artists, who would influence most of modern art, including Romanticism, French Impressionism and even Pablo Picasso. Given his importance, his life and work has been portrayed in multiple films and even opera.

Film portrayals

Operas

Enrique Granados composed a piano suite and later an opera called Goyescas inspired by the artist's paintings in 1916. Gian Carlo Menotti wrote a biographical opera about him titled Goya (1986), commissioned by Plácido Domingo, who originated the role; this production has been presented on television. He also inspired Michael Nyman's opera Facing Goya (2000), in which he appears in the present to protest the use of his skull in racist science, for which reason the historical Goya had his skull hidden and not buried with the rest of his body. Goya is the central character in Clive Barker's play Colossus.

In 1988 American musical theatre composer Maury Yeston released a studio cast album of his own musical, Goya: A Life In Song. Plácido Domingo again starred as Goya, with Jennifer Rush, Gloria Estefan, Joseph Cerisano, Dionne Warwick, Richie Havens, and Seiko Matsuda singing supporting roles. Music and lyrics were by Yeston, and the recording was released by CBS/Sony. The score featured one break-out song, “Till I Loved You,” sung by Placido Domingo and Gloria Estefan. It was subsequently a Top 40 hit by Barbra Streisand. In spite of that commercial success, the piece has not received a major staging.

Notes

  1. ↑ Galeria de Arte transparencias Ancora A Todo Color, (Ediciones Minos, 1961). Goya biography from the Museo del Prado. As quoted on eeweems.com. Retrieved December 31, 2007.
  2. ↑ Fred Licht, Goya: The Origins of the Modern Temper in Art (Palgrave Macmillan, 1979), 68.
  3. ↑ Rosario Weiss. Jose de la Mano Madrid Art Gallery. Retrieved December 31, 2007.
  4. ↑ Licht, 83
  5. ↑ Linda Simon, The Sleep of Reason The World & I. Retrieved December 2, 2006.
  6. ↑ Licht, 167.
  7. ↑ Francisco Goya, quoted by Kenneth Clark, Looking at Pictures. Artchive.com.

References
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External links

All links retrieved April 9, 2024.


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