Difference between revisions of "Cameroon" - New World Encyclopedia

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Compared with other African countries, Cameroon enjoys political and social stability. This has permitted the development of agriculture, roads, railways, and large petroleum and timber industries. Nevertheless, large numbers of Cameroonians live in poverty as subsistence farmers. Power lies firmly in the hands of the president, Paul Biya, and his Cameroon People's Democratic Movement party, and corruption is widespread. The Anglophone community has grown increasingly alienated from the government, and Anglophone politicians have called for greater decentralisation and even the secession of the former British-governed territories.
 
Compared with other African countries, Cameroon enjoys political and social stability. This has permitted the development of agriculture, roads, railways, and large petroleum and timber industries. Nevertheless, large numbers of Cameroonians live in poverty as subsistence farmers. Power lies firmly in the hands of the president, Paul Biya, and his Cameroon People's Democratic Movement party, and corruption is widespread. The Anglophone community has grown increasingly alienated from the government, and Anglophone politicians have called for greater decentralisation and even the secession of the former British-governed territories.
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==Geography==
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[[Image:Rhumsiki Peak.jpg|thumb|left|Volcanic plugs dot the landscape near Rhumsiki, Far North Province.]]
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It borders [[Nigeria]] to the west; [[Chad]] to the northeast; the [[Central African Republic]] to the east; and [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], and the [[Republic of the Congo]] to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Bonny, part of the [[Gulf of Guinea]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]].
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Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country, comparable in size to [[Papua New Guinea]] and somewhat larger than the U.S. state of [[California]].
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Tourist literature describes Cameroon as "Africa in miniature" because it exhibits all major climates and vegetation of the continent: coast, [[desert]], [[mountain]]s, [[rainforest]], and [[savanna]]. The highest point is Mount Cameroon in the southwest, and the largest cities are Douala, Yaoundé, and Garoua.
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Cameroon is divided into five major geographic zones distinguished by dominant physical, climatic, and vegetative features. The coastal plain extends 10 to 90 mi(15 to 150 km) inland from the Gulf of Guinea and has an average elevation of 295 ft(90 m). Exceedingly hot and humid with a short dry season, this belt is densely forested and includes some of the wettest places on earth. The South Cameroon Plateau rises from the coastal plain to an average elevation of 2,130 ft(650 m). Equatorial rainforest dominates this region, although its alternation between wet and dry seasons makes it is less humid than the coast.
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An irregular chain of mountains, hills, and plateaus known as the Cameroon range extends from Mount Cameroon on the coast—Cameroon's highest point at 13,435 ft (4,095 m)—almost to Lake Chad at Cameroon's northern tip. This region has a mild climate, particularly on the Western High Plateau, although rainfall is high. Its soils are among Cameroon's most fertile, especially around volcanic Mount Cameroon. Vulcanism here has created crater lakes. In 1986, one of these, Lake Nyos, belched toxic fumes and killed between 1,700 and 2,000 people.
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The southern plateau rises northward to the grassy, rugged Adamawa Plateau. This feature stretches from the western mountain area and forms a barrier between the country's north and south. Its average elevation is 3,600 ft (1,100 m), and its temperature ranges from 72 to 77 °F (22 to 25 °C) with high rainfall. The northern lowland region extends from the edge of the Adamawa to Lake Chad with an average elevation of 980 to 1,150 ft (300 to 350 m). Its characteristic vegetation is savanna scrub and grass. This is an arid region with sparse rainfall and high median temperatures.
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Cameroon has four patterns of drainage. In the south, the principal [[river]]s are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri. These flow southwestward or westward directly into the Gulf of Guinea. The Dja and Kadéï drain southeastward into the [[Congo River]]. In northern Cameroon, the Bénoué River runs north and west and empties into the [[Niger River]]. The Logone flows northward into Lake Chad, which Cameroon shares with three neighboring countries.
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
 
[[Image:Merrick at Isubu funeral.jpg|thumb|left|Joseph Merrick (shown here attending an Isubu funeral in 1845) was a Jamaican Baptist missionary who established a church among the Isubu of the coast.]]
 
[[Image:Merrick at Isubu funeral.jpg|thumb|left|Joseph Merrick (shown here attending an Isubu funeral in 1845) was a Jamaican Baptist missionary who established a church among the Isubu of the coast.]]
The territory of present day Cameroon was first settled during the Neolithic. The longest continuous inhabitants are the Pygmy groups such as the Baka.<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 2.</ref> The Sao culture arose around Lake Chad c. AD 500 and gave way to the Kanem-Bornu Empire. Kingdoms, fondoms, and chiefdoms arose in the west.
 
  
Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the fifteenth century and named the area ''Rio dos Camarões'' ("River of Prawns"), the name from which ''Cameroon'' derives. Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the nineteenth century, and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms. Cameroon became a German colony in 1884. After [[World War I]], the territory was divided between [[France]] and [[Britain]] as [[League of Nations]] mandates. The Union des Populations du Cameroun political party advocated independence but was outlawed in the 1950s. It waged war on French and Cameroonian forces until 1971. In 1960, French Cameroun became independent as the Republic of Cameroun under President Ahmadou Ahidjo. The southern part of British Cameroons merged with it in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The country was renamed the United Republic of Cameroon in 1972 and the Republic of Cameroon in 1984.
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The territory of present-day Cameroon was first settled during the [[Neolithic]]. The longest continuous inhabitants are the [[Pygmy]] groups such as the Baka.<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 2.</ref> The Sao culture arose around Lake Chad c. 500 c.e. and gave way to the Kanem-Bornu Empire. Kingdoms, fondoms, and chiefdoms arose in the west.
  
Portuguese sailors reached the coast in 1472. They noted an abundance of prawns and crayfish in the Wouri River and named it {{lang|pt|''Rio dos Camarões''}}, Portuguese for "River of Prawns," and the phrase from which ''Cameroon'' is derived. Over the following few centuries, European interests regularised trade with the coastal peoples, and Christian missionaries pushed inland. In the early 19th century, Modibo Adama led Fulani soldiers on a jihad in the north against non-Muslim and partially Muslim peoples and established the Adamawa Emirate. Settled peoples who fled the Fulani caused a major redistribution of population.<ref>Fanso 84.</ref>
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Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern [[rainforest]]. Various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms.
  
The German Empire claimed the territory as the colony of Kamerun in 1884 and began a steady push inland. They initiated projects to improve the colony's infrastructure, relying on a harsh system of forced labour.<ref name="DeLancey 125">DeLancey and DeLancey 125.</ref> With the defeat of Germany in World War I, Kamerun became a League of Nations mandate territory and was split into French {{lang|fr|Cameroun}} and British Cameroons in 1919. The French carefully integrated the economy of Cameroun with that of France<ref name="DeLancey 5">DeLancey and DeLancey 5.</ref> and improved the infrastructure with capital investments, skilled workers, and continued forced labour.<ref name="DeLancey 125"/> The British administered their territory from neighbouring Nigeria. Natives complained that this made them a neglected "colony of a colony." Nigerian migrant workers flocked to Southern Cameroons, ending forced labour but angering indigenous peoples.<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 4.</ref> The League of Nations mandates were converted into United Nations Trusteeships in 1946, and the question of independence became a pressing issue in French Cameroun.<ref name="DeLancey 5"/> France outlawed the most radical political party, the Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC), on 13 July 1955. This prompted a long guerrilla war and the assassination of the party's leader, Ruben Um Nyobé.<ref name="DeLancey 6">DeLancey and DeLancey 6.</ref> In British Cameroons, the question was whether to reunify with French Cameroun or join Nigeria.
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===Colonial era===
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[[Portugal|Portuguese]] sailors reached the coast in 1472. They noted an abundance of prawns and crayfish in the Wouri River and named it ''Rio dos Camarões'', Portuguese for "River of Prawns," the phrase from which ''Cameroon'' is derived. Over the following few centuries, [[Europe|European]] interests regularized trade with the coastal peoples, and [[Christian]] [[missionary|missionaries]] pushed inland. In the early nineteenth century, Modibo Adama led Fulani soldiers on a jihad in the north against non-[[Muslim]] and partially Muslim peoples and established the Adamawa Emirate. Settled peoples who fled the Fulani caused a major redistribution of population.<ref>Fanso 84.</ref>
  
On January 1, 1960, French Cameroun gained independence from France under President Ahmadou Ahidjo, and on 1 October 1961, the formerly-British Southern Cameroons united with its neighbour to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. Ahidjo used the ongoing war with the UPC and fears of ethnic conflict to concentrate power in the presidency, continuing with this even after the suppression of the UPC in 1971.<ref name="DeLancey 6"/> His political party, the Cameroon National Union (CNU), became the sole legal political party on 1 September 1966 and in 1972, the federal system of government was abolished in favour of a United Republic of Cameroon, headed from Yaoundé.<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 19.</ref> Ahidjo pursued an economic policy of planned liberalism, prioritising cash crops and petroleum exploitation. The government used oil money to create a national cash reserve, pay farmers, and finance major development projects; however, many initiatives failed when Ahidjo appointed unqualified allies to direct them.<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 7.</ref>
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The German Empire claimed the territory as the colony of Kamerun in 1884 and began a steady push inland. They initiated projects to improve the colony's infrastructure, relying on a harsh system of forced labor. With the defeat of [[Germany]] in [[World War I]], Kamerun became a [[League of Nations]] mandate and was split into [[France|French]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] Cameroons in 1919. The French carefully integrated the economy of Cameroun with that of France and improved the infrastructure with capital investments, skilled workers, and continued forced labor. The British administered their territory from neighboring [[Nigeria]]. Natives complained that this made them a neglected "colony of a colony." Nigerian migrant workers flocked to southern Cameroons, ending forced labor but angering indigenous peoples.  
  
Ahidjo stepped down on November 4, 1982 and left power to his constitutional successor, Paul Biya. However, Ahidjo remained in control of the CNU and tried to run the country from behind the scenes until Biya and his allies pressured him into resigning. Biya began his administration by moving toward a more democratic government, but a failed coup d'état nudged him toward the leadership style of his predecessor.<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 8.</ref> An economic crisis took effect in the mid-1980s to late 1990s as a result of  international economic conditions, drought, falling petroleum prices, and years of corruption, mismanagement, and cronyism. Cameroon turned to foreign aid, cut government spending, and privatised industries. With the reintroduction of multi-party politics in December 1990, Anglophone pressure groups called for greater autonomy, with some advocating complete secession as the Republic of Ambazonia.<ref name="DeLancey 9">DeLancey and DeLancey 9.</ref>
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The League of Nations mandates were converted into [[United Nations Trusteeship]]s in 1946, and the question of independence became a pressing issue in French Cameroun. France outlawed the most radical political party, the Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC), in 1955. This prompted a long guerrilla war and the assassination of the party's leader, Ruben Um Nyobé. In British Cameroons, the question was whether to reunify with French Cameroun or join Nigeria.
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===Independence===
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The Union des Populations du Cameroun political party advocated independence but was outlawed in the 1950s. It waged war on French and Cameroonian forces until 1971. In 1960, French Cameroun became independent as the Republic of Cameroun under President Ahmadou Ahidjo. The southern part of British Cameroons merged with it in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The country was renamed the United Republic of Cameroon in 1972 and the Republic of Cameroon in 1984.
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Ahidjo used the ongoing war with the UPC and fears of ethnic conflict to concentrate power in the presidency, continuing with this even after the suppression of the UPC in 1971. His political party, the Cameroon National Union (CNU), became the sole legal political party on September 1, 1966, and in 1972, the federal system of government was abolished in favor of a United Republic of Cameroon, headed from Yaoundé.
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Ahidjo pursued an economic policy of planned liberalism, prioritizing cash crops and petroleum exploitation. The government used oil money to create a national cash reserve, pay farmers, and finance major development projects; however, many initiatives failed when Ahidjo appointed unqualified allies to direct them.
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Ahidjo stepped down on November 4, 1982, and left power to his constitutional successor, Paul Biya. He remained in control of the CNU and tried to run the country from behind the scenes until Biya and his allies pressured him into resigning. Biya began his administration by moving toward a more democratic government, but a failed coup d'état nudged him toward the leadership style of his predecessor. An economic crisis took effect in the mid-1980s to the late 1990s as a result of  international economic conditions, drought, falling petroleum prices, and years of corruption, mismanagement, and cronyism. Cameroon turned to foreign aid, cut government spending, and privatized industries. With the reintroduction of multiparty politics in December 1990, Anglophone pressure groups called for greater autonomy, with some advocating complete secession as the Republic of Ambazonia.
  
 
==Politics and government==
 
==Politics and government==
 
[[Image:PaulBya Lula April 10 2005.jpg|thumb|left|President Paul Biya of Cameroon is greeted by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil in 2005.]]
 
[[Image:PaulBya Lula April 10 2005.jpg|thumb|left|President Paul Biya of Cameroon is greeted by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil in 2005.]]
The President of Cameroon has broad, unilateral powers to create policy, administer government agencies, command the armed forces, negotiate and ratify treaties, and declare a state of emergency.<ref>"Background Notes: Cameroon; Neba 250.</ref> The president appoints government officials at all levels, from the prime minister (considered the official head of government), to the provincial governors, divisional officers, and urban-council members in large cities. The president is selected by popular vote every seven years. In smaller municipalities, the public elects mayors and councilors. Corruption is rife at all levels of government. In 1997, Cameroon established anti-corruption bureaus in 29 ministries, but only 25% became operational,<ref name="IRIN">IRIN, "New anti-corruption drive".</ref> and in 2006, Transparency International ranked Cameroon as the 138th most corrupt of 163 countries.<ref>2006 Corruption Perceptions Index 2006.</ref> On 18 January 2006, Biya initiated an anti-corruption drive under the direction of the National Anti-Corruption Observatory.<ref name="IRIN"/>
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The president has broad, unilateral powers to create policy, administer government agencies, command the armed forces, negotiate and ratify treaties, and declare a state of emergency. The president appoints government officials at all levels, from the prime minister (considered the official head of government), to the provincial governors, divisional officers, and urban council members in large cities. The president is selected by popular vote every seven years. In smaller municipalities, the public elects mayors and councilors.
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Corruption is rife at all levels of government. In 1997, Cameroon established anti-corruption bureaus in 29 ministries, but only a quarter became operational, and in 2006, Transparency International ranked Cameroon as the 138th most corrupt of 163 countries. In January 2006, Biya initiated an anti-corruption drive under the direction of the National Anti-Corruption Observatory.
  
 
[[Image:Statue d'un chef coutumier à Bana.jpg|thumb|right|A statue of a chief in Bana, West Province, shows the prestige afforded such rulers. The Cameroonian government recognizes the power of traditional authorities, provided their rulings do not contradict national law.]]
 
[[Image:Statue d'un chef coutumier à Bana.jpg|thumb|right|A statue of a chief in Bana, West Province, shows the prestige afforded such rulers. The Cameroonian government recognizes the power of traditional authorities, provided their rulings do not contradict national law.]]
Cameroon's legal system is largely based on French civil law with common law influences.<ref name="CIA">"Cameroon," ''The World Factbook''.</ref> Although nominally independent, the judiciary falls under the authority of the executive's Ministry of Justice.<ref name="State Dept">"Background Note: Cameroon".</ref> The president appoints judges at all levels. The judiciary is officially divided into tribunals, the court of appeal, and the supreme court. The National Assembly elects the members of a nine-member High Court of Justice that judges high-ranking members of government in the event they are charged with high treason or harming national security.
 
  
Human rights organizations accuse police and military forces of mistreating and even torturing criminal suspects, ethnic minorities, homosexuals, and political activists.<ref>"Cameroon," Amnesty International; "Cameroon (2006)," Freedom House; "Cameroon," Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, U.S. Department of State; "Elections to the Human Rights Council," Amnesty International.</ref> Prisons are overcrowded with little access to adequate food and medical facilities,<ref name="EHRC">"Elections to the Human Rights Council".</ref><ref name="Human Rights Report">"Cameroon," Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.</ref> and prisons run by traditional rulers in the north are charged with holding political opponents at the behest of the government.<ref name="Freedom House">"Cameroon (2006)," Freedom House.</ref> However, since the early 2000s, an increasing number of police and gendarmes have been prosecuted for improper conduct.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/>
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Cameroon's legal system is largely based on French civil law with common law influences. Although nominally independent, the judiciary falls under the authority of the executive's Ministry of Justice. The president appoints judges at all levels. The judiciary is officially divided into tribunals, the court of appeal, and the supreme court. The National Assembly elects the members of a nine-member High Court of Justice that judges high-ranking members of government in the event they are charged with high treason or harming national security.
  
The National Assembly makes legislation. The body consists of 180 members who are elected for five-year terms and meet three times per year. Laws are passed on a majority vote. Rarely has the assembly changed or blocked legislation proposed by the president.<ref name="State Dept"/> The 1996 constitution establishes a second house of parliament, the 100-seat Senate, but this body has never been put into practice.<ref name="CIA"/> The government recognises the authority of traditional chiefs, fons, and lamibe to govern at the local level and to resolve disputes as long as such rulings do not conflict with national law.<ref>"Background Note: Cameroon"; Neba 252.</ref>
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Human rights organizations accuse police and military forces of mistreating and even torturing criminal suspects, ethnic minorities, homosexuals, and political activists. Prisons are overcrowded with little access to adequate food and medical facilities, and prisons run by traditional rulers in the north are charged with holding political opponents at the behest of the government. However, since the early 2000s, an increasing number of police and gendarmes have been prosecuted for improper conduct.
  
President Paul Biya's Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM) was the only legal political party until December 1990. Numerous ethnic and regional political groups have since formed. The primary opposition is the Social Democratic Front (SDF), based largely in the Anglophone region of the country and headed by John Fru Ndi.<ref>West 11.</ref> Biya and his party have maintained control of the presidency and the National Assembly in national elections, but rivals contend that these have been unfair.<ref name="DeLancey 9"/> Human rights organisations allege that the government suppresses the freedoms of opposition groups by preventing demonstrations, disrupting meetings, and arresting opposition leaders and journalists.<ref name="Amnesty">"Cameroon," Amnesty International.</ref><ref name="Freedom House"/> Freedom House ranks Cameroon as "not free" in terms of political rights and civil liberties.<ref>Cameroon is ranked a 6 in both categories on a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 being "most free" and 7 being "least free." "Cameroon (2006)," Freedom House.</ref> The last elections were held on October 11, 2004.
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The National Assembly makes legislation. The body consists of 180 members who are elected for five-year terms and meet three times per year. Laws are passed on a majority vote. Rarely has the assembly changed or blocked legislation proposed by the president. The 1996 constitution establishes a second house of parliament, the 100-seat Senate, but this body has never been put into practice.
  
Cameroon is a member of both the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie. Its foreign policy closely follows that of its main ally, France.<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 126; Ngoh 328.</ref> The country relies heavily on France for its defence,<ref name="State Dept"/> although military spending is high in comparison to other sectors of government.<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 30.</ref> Biya has clashed with the government of Nigeria over possession of the Bakassi peninsula and with Gabon's president, El Hadj Omar Bongo, over personal rivalries.<ref>West 11.</ref> Nevertheless, civil war presents a more credible threat to national security, as tensions between Christians and Muslims and between Anglophones and Francophones remain high.<ref>MacDonald 69.</ref>
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The government recognizes the authority of traditional chiefs, fons, and lamibe to govern at the local level and to resolve disputes as long as such rulings do not conflict with national law.
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President Paul Biya's Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM) was the only legal political party until December 1990. Numerous ethnic and regional political groups have since formed. The primary opposition is the Social Democratic Front (SDF), based largely in the Anglophone region of the country and headed by John Fru Ndi. Biya and his party have maintained control of the presidency and the National Assembly in national elections, but rivals contend that these have been unfair. Human rights organizations allege that the government suppresses the freedoms of opposition groups by preventing demonstrations, disrupting meetings, and arresting opposition leaders and journalists.  The last elections were held on October 11, 2004.
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Cameroon is a member of both the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie. Its foreign policy closely follows that of its main ally, France. The country relies heavily on France for its defense, although military spending is high in comparison to other sectors of government. Biya has clashed with the government of Nigeria over possession of the Bakassi peninsula and with [[Gabon]]'s president, El Hadj Omar Bongo, over personal rivalries. Nevertheless, civil war presents a more credible threat to national security, as tensions between [[Christian]]s and [[Muslim]]s and between Anglophones and Francophones remain high.
  
 
==Education and health==
 
==Education and health==
 
[[Image:Traditional doctor sign in Tatum edited.jpg|thumb|right|A traditional doctor advertises his services in Tatum, Northwest Province. Such healers are popular alternatives to conventionally trained doctors.]]
 
[[Image:Traditional doctor sign in Tatum edited.jpg|thumb|right|A traditional doctor advertises his services in Tatum, Northwest Province. Such healers are popular alternatives to conventionally trained doctors.]]
Most children have access to free, state-run schools or subsidized, private and religious facilities.<ref name="Mbaku 15">Mbaku 15.</ref> The educational system is a mixture of British and French precedents<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 105–6.</ref> with most instruction in English or French.<ref>Mbaku 16.</ref> Cameroon has one of the highest school attendance rates in Africa.<ref name="Mbaku 15"/> Girls attend school less regularly than boys do because of cultural attitudes, domestic duties, early marriage and pregnancy, and sexual harassment. Although attendance rates are higher in the south,<ref name="Mbaku 15"/> a disproportionate number of teachers are stationed there, leaving northern schools chronically understaffed.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/>
 
  
The quality of health care is generally low.<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 21.</ref> Outside the major cities, facilities are often dirty and poorly equipped.<ref name="West 64">West 64.</ref> Endemic diseases include dengue fever, filariasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, meningitis, schistosomiasis, and sleeping sickness.<ref>West 58–60.</ref> The HIV/AIDS seroprevalence rate is estimated at 5.4% for those aged 15–49,<ref>"Cameroon," UNAIDS.</ref> although a strong stigma against the illness keeps the number of reported cases artificially low.<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 21.</ref> Traditional healers remain a popular alternative to Western medicine.<ref>Lantum and Monono 14.</ref>
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Most children have access to free, state-run schools or subsidized, private and religious facilities. The educational system is a mixture of British and French precedents, with most instruction in English or French. Cameroon has one of the highest school attendance rates in Africa. Girls attend school less regularly than boys do because of cultural attitudes, domestic duties, early marriage and pregnancy, and sexual harassment. Although attendance rates are higher in the south, a disproportionate number of teachers are stationed there, leaving northern schools chronically understaffed.
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The quality of health care is generally low. Outside the major cities, facilities are often dirty and poorly equipped. Endemic diseases include dengue fever, philariasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, meningitis, schistosomiasis, and sleeping sickness. The [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] rate is estimated at 5.4 percent for those aged 15–49, although a strong stigma against the illness keeps the number of reported cases artificially low. Traditional healers remain a popular alternative to Western medicine.
  
 
== Provinces and divisions ==
 
== Provinces and divisions ==
Line 106: Line 137:
 
The three northernmost provinces are the Far North, North, and Adamawa. Directly south of them are the Center and East. The South Province lies on the Gulf of Guinea and the southern border. Cameroon's western region is split into four smaller provinces: The Littoral and Southwest provinces are on the coast, and the Northwest and West provinces are in the western grassfields. The Northwest and Southwest were once part of British Cameroons; the other provinces were in French Cameroun.
 
The three northernmost provinces are the Far North, North, and Adamawa. Directly south of them are the Center and East. The South Province lies on the Gulf of Guinea and the southern border. Cameroon's western region is split into four smaller provinces: The Littoral and Southwest provinces are on the coast, and the Northwest and West provinces are in the western grassfields. The Northwest and Southwest were once part of British Cameroons; the other provinces were in French Cameroun.
  
==Geography and climate==
 
[[Image:Rhumsiki Peak.jpg|thumb|left|Volcanic plugs dot the landscape near Rhumsiki, Far North Province.]]
 
It borders Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean.
 
At {{km2 to mi2|475442|spell=Commonwealth|precision=0|wiki=yes}}, Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country, comparable in size to Papua New Guinea and somewhat larger than the U.S. state of California. The country is located in Central and West Africa on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean.
 
 
Tourist literature describes Cameroon as "Africa in miniature" because it exhibits all major climates and vegetation of the continent: coast, desert, mountains, rainforest, and savanna.<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 16.</ref> The highest point is Mount Cameroon in the southwest, and the largest cities are Douala, Yaoundé, and Garoua.
 
 
Cameroon is divided into five major geographic zones distinguished by dominant physical, climatic, and vegetative features. The coastal plain extends 15 to 150&nbsp;kilometres (10 to 90&nbsp;mi) inland from the Gulf of Guinea<ref>Fomesky et al 6.</ref> and has an average elevation of 90&nbsp;metres (295&nbsp;ft).<ref>Neba 14.</ref> Exceedingly hot and humid with a short dry season, this belt is densely forested and includes some of the wettest places on earth.<ref>Neba 28.</ref><ref>"Highest Average Annual Precipitation Extremes".</ref> The South Cameroon Plateau rises from the coastal plain to an average elevation of 650&nbsp;metres (2,130&nbsp;ft).<ref name="Neba 16">Neba 16.</ref> Equatorial rainforest dominates this region, although its alternation between wet and dry seasons makes it is less humid than the coast.
 
 
An irregular chain of mountains, hills, and plateaus known as the Cameroon range extends from Mount Cameroon on the coast—Cameroon's highest point at 4,095&nbsp;metres (13,435&nbsp;ft)<ref>Neba 17.</ref>—almost to Lake Chad at Cameroon's northern tip. This region has a mild climate, particularly on the Western High Plateau, although rainfall is high. Its soils are among Cameroon's most fertile, especially around volcanic Mount Cameroon.<ref name="Neba 17">Neba 17.</ref> Vulcanism here has created crater lakes. On 21 August 1986, one of these, Lake Nyos, belched toxic fumes and killed between 1,700 and 2,000 people.<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 161 report 1,700 killed; Hudgens and Trillo 1054 say "at least 2,000"; West 10 says "more than 2,000".</ref>
 
 
The southern plateau rises northward to the grassy, rugged Adamawa Plateau. This feature stretches from the western mountain area and forms a barrier between the country's north and south. Its average elevation is 1,100&nbsp;metres (3,600&nbsp;ft),<ref name="Neba 16"/> and its temperature ranges from 22 to 25&nbsp;°C (72 to 77&nbsp;°F) with high rainfall.<ref>Gwanfogbe et al 20; Neba 29.</ref> The northern lowland region extends from the edge of the Adamawa to Lake Chad with an average elevation of 300 to 350&nbsp;metres (980 to 1,150&nbsp;ft).<ref name="Neba 17"/> Its characteristic vegetation is savanna scrub and grass. This is an arid region with sparse rainfall and high median temperatures.
 
  
Cameroon has four patterns of drainage. In the south, the principal rivers are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri. These flow southwestward or westward directly into the Gulf of Guinea. The Dja and Kadéï drain southeastward into the [[Congo River]]. In northern Cameroon, the Bénoué River runs north and west and empties into the [[Niger River]]. The Logone flows northward into Lake Chad, which Cameroon shares with three neighboring countries.
 
  
 
==Economy and infrastructure==
 
==Economy and infrastructure==

Revision as of 23:58, 14 July 2007

République du Cameroun
Republic of Cameroon
Flag of Cameroon Emblem of Cameroon
Flag Emblem
Motto: "Paix - Travail - Patrie" (French)
"Peace - Work - Fatherland"
Anthem: Ô Cameroun, Berceau de nos

Ancêtres (French)
O Cameroon, Cradle of our Forefathers 1

Location of Cameroon
Capital Yaoundé
3°52′N 11°31′E
Largest city Douala
Official languages French, English
Government Republic
 - President Paul Biya
 - Prime Minister Ephraïm Inoni
Independence from France and the UK 
 - Date 1 January 1960, 1 October 1961 
Area
 - Total 475,442 km² (53rd)
183,568 sq mi 
 - Water (%) 1.3
Population
 - July 2005 estimate 17,795,000
 - 2003 census 15,746,179
 - Density 37/km²
97/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2005 estimate
 - Total $43.196 billion
 - Per capita $2,421
HDI  (2006) 0.506 (medium)
Currency CFA franc (XAF)
Time zone WAT (UTC+1)
 - Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+1)
Internet TLD .cm
Calling code +237

The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central and western Africa. The country is called "Africa in miniature" for its geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. Cameroon is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. The country is well known for its native styles of music, particularly makossa and bikutsi, and for its successful national football team.

Compared with other African countries, Cameroon enjoys political and social stability. This has permitted the development of agriculture, roads, railways, and large petroleum and timber industries. Nevertheless, large numbers of Cameroonians live in poverty as subsistence farmers. Power lies firmly in the hands of the president, Paul Biya, and his Cameroon People's Democratic Movement party, and corruption is widespread. The Anglophone community has grown increasingly alienated from the government, and Anglophone politicians have called for greater decentralisation and even the secession of the former British-governed territories.

Geography

Volcanic plugs dot the landscape near Rhumsiki, Far North Province.

It borders Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean.

Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country, comparable in size to Papua New Guinea and somewhat larger than the U.S. state of California.

Tourist literature describes Cameroon as "Africa in miniature" because it exhibits all major climates and vegetation of the continent: coast, desert, mountains, rainforest, and savanna. The highest point is Mount Cameroon in the southwest, and the largest cities are Douala, Yaoundé, and Garoua.

Cameroon is divided into five major geographic zones distinguished by dominant physical, climatic, and vegetative features. The coastal plain extends 10 to 90 mi(15 to 150 km) inland from the Gulf of Guinea and has an average elevation of 295 ft(90 m). Exceedingly hot and humid with a short dry season, this belt is densely forested and includes some of the wettest places on earth. The South Cameroon Plateau rises from the coastal plain to an average elevation of 2,130 ft(650 m). Equatorial rainforest dominates this region, although its alternation between wet and dry seasons makes it is less humid than the coast.

An irregular chain of mountains, hills, and plateaus known as the Cameroon range extends from Mount Cameroon on the coast—Cameroon's highest point at 13,435 ft (4,095 m)—almost to Lake Chad at Cameroon's northern tip. This region has a mild climate, particularly on the Western High Plateau, although rainfall is high. Its soils are among Cameroon's most fertile, especially around volcanic Mount Cameroon. Vulcanism here has created crater lakes. In 1986, one of these, Lake Nyos, belched toxic fumes and killed between 1,700 and 2,000 people.

The southern plateau rises northward to the grassy, rugged Adamawa Plateau. This feature stretches from the western mountain area and forms a barrier between the country's north and south. Its average elevation is 3,600 ft (1,100 m), and its temperature ranges from 72 to 77 °F (22 to 25 °C) with high rainfall. The northern lowland region extends from the edge of the Adamawa to Lake Chad with an average elevation of 980 to 1,150 ft (300 to 350 m). Its characteristic vegetation is savanna scrub and grass. This is an arid region with sparse rainfall and high median temperatures.

Cameroon has four patterns of drainage. In the south, the principal rivers are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri. These flow southwestward or westward directly into the Gulf of Guinea. The Dja and Kadéï drain southeastward into the Congo River. In northern Cameroon, the Bénoué River runs north and west and empties into the Niger River. The Logone flows northward into Lake Chad, which Cameroon shares with three neighboring countries.

History

Joseph Merrick (shown here attending an Isubu funeral in 1845) was a Jamaican Baptist missionary who established a church among the Isubu of the coast.

The territory of present-day Cameroon was first settled during the Neolithic. The longest continuous inhabitants are the Pygmy groups such as the Baka.[1] The Sao culture arose around Lake Chad c. 500 C.E. and gave way to the Kanem-Bornu Empire. Kingdoms, fondoms, and chiefdoms arose in the west.

Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms.

Colonial era

Portuguese sailors reached the coast in 1472. They noted an abundance of prawns and crayfish in the Wouri River and named it Rio dos Camarões, Portuguese for "River of Prawns," the phrase from which Cameroon is derived. Over the following few centuries, European interests regularized trade with the coastal peoples, and Christian missionaries pushed inland. In the early nineteenth century, Modibo Adama led Fulani soldiers on a jihad in the north against non-Muslim and partially Muslim peoples and established the Adamawa Emirate. Settled peoples who fled the Fulani caused a major redistribution of population.[2]

The German Empire claimed the territory as the colony of Kamerun in 1884 and began a steady push inland. They initiated projects to improve the colony's infrastructure, relying on a harsh system of forced labor. With the defeat of Germany in World War I, Kamerun became a League of Nations mandate and was split into French and British Cameroons in 1919. The French carefully integrated the economy of Cameroun with that of France and improved the infrastructure with capital investments, skilled workers, and continued forced labor. The British administered their territory from neighboring Nigeria. Natives complained that this made them a neglected "colony of a colony." Nigerian migrant workers flocked to southern Cameroons, ending forced labor but angering indigenous peoples.

The League of Nations mandates were converted into United Nations Trusteeships in 1946, and the question of independence became a pressing issue in French Cameroun. France outlawed the most radical political party, the Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC), in 1955. This prompted a long guerrilla war and the assassination of the party's leader, Ruben Um Nyobé. In British Cameroons, the question was whether to reunify with French Cameroun or join Nigeria.

Independence

The Union des Populations du Cameroun political party advocated independence but was outlawed in the 1950s. It waged war on French and Cameroonian forces until 1971. In 1960, French Cameroun became independent as the Republic of Cameroun under President Ahmadou Ahidjo. The southern part of British Cameroons merged with it in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The country was renamed the United Republic of Cameroon in 1972 and the Republic of Cameroon in 1984.

Ahidjo used the ongoing war with the UPC and fears of ethnic conflict to concentrate power in the presidency, continuing with this even after the suppression of the UPC in 1971. His political party, the Cameroon National Union (CNU), became the sole legal political party on September 1, 1966, and in 1972, the federal system of government was abolished in favor of a United Republic of Cameroon, headed from Yaoundé.

Ahidjo pursued an economic policy of planned liberalism, prioritizing cash crops and petroleum exploitation. The government used oil money to create a national cash reserve, pay farmers, and finance major development projects; however, many initiatives failed when Ahidjo appointed unqualified allies to direct them.

Ahidjo stepped down on November 4, 1982, and left power to his constitutional successor, Paul Biya. He remained in control of the CNU and tried to run the country from behind the scenes until Biya and his allies pressured him into resigning. Biya began his administration by moving toward a more democratic government, but a failed coup d'état nudged him toward the leadership style of his predecessor. An economic crisis took effect in the mid-1980s to the late 1990s as a result of international economic conditions, drought, falling petroleum prices, and years of corruption, mismanagement, and cronyism. Cameroon turned to foreign aid, cut government spending, and privatized industries. With the reintroduction of multiparty politics in December 1990, Anglophone pressure groups called for greater autonomy, with some advocating complete secession as the Republic of Ambazonia.

Politics and government

File:PaulBya Lula April 10 2005.jpg
President Paul Biya of Cameroon is greeted by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil in 2005.

The president has broad, unilateral powers to create policy, administer government agencies, command the armed forces, negotiate and ratify treaties, and declare a state of emergency. The president appoints government officials at all levels, from the prime minister (considered the official head of government), to the provincial governors, divisional officers, and urban council members in large cities. The president is selected by popular vote every seven years. In smaller municipalities, the public elects mayors and councilors.

Corruption is rife at all levels of government. In 1997, Cameroon established anti-corruption bureaus in 29 ministries, but only a quarter became operational, and in 2006, Transparency International ranked Cameroon as the 138th most corrupt of 163 countries. In January 2006, Biya initiated an anti-corruption drive under the direction of the National Anti-Corruption Observatory.

A statue of a chief in Bana, West Province, shows the prestige afforded such rulers. The Cameroonian government recognizes the power of traditional authorities, provided their rulings do not contradict national law.

Cameroon's legal system is largely based on French civil law with common law influences. Although nominally independent, the judiciary falls under the authority of the executive's Ministry of Justice. The president appoints judges at all levels. The judiciary is officially divided into tribunals, the court of appeal, and the supreme court. The National Assembly elects the members of a nine-member High Court of Justice that judges high-ranking members of government in the event they are charged with high treason or harming national security.

Human rights organizations accuse police and military forces of mistreating and even torturing criminal suspects, ethnic minorities, homosexuals, and political activists. Prisons are overcrowded with little access to adequate food and medical facilities, and prisons run by traditional rulers in the north are charged with holding political opponents at the behest of the government. However, since the early 2000s, an increasing number of police and gendarmes have been prosecuted for improper conduct.

The National Assembly makes legislation. The body consists of 180 members who are elected for five-year terms and meet three times per year. Laws are passed on a majority vote. Rarely has the assembly changed or blocked legislation proposed by the president. The 1996 constitution establishes a second house of parliament, the 100-seat Senate, but this body has never been put into practice.

The government recognizes the authority of traditional chiefs, fons, and lamibe to govern at the local level and to resolve disputes as long as such rulings do not conflict with national law.

President Paul Biya's Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM) was the only legal political party until December 1990. Numerous ethnic and regional political groups have since formed. The primary opposition is the Social Democratic Front (SDF), based largely in the Anglophone region of the country and headed by John Fru Ndi. Biya and his party have maintained control of the presidency and the National Assembly in national elections, but rivals contend that these have been unfair. Human rights organizations allege that the government suppresses the freedoms of opposition groups by preventing demonstrations, disrupting meetings, and arresting opposition leaders and journalists. The last elections were held on October 11, 2004.

Cameroon is a member of both the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie. Its foreign policy closely follows that of its main ally, France. The country relies heavily on France for its defense, although military spending is high in comparison to other sectors of government. Biya has clashed with the government of Nigeria over possession of the Bakassi peninsula and with Gabon's president, El Hadj Omar Bongo, over personal rivalries. Nevertheless, civil war presents a more credible threat to national security, as tensions between Christians and Muslims and between Anglophones and Francophones remain high.

Education and health

A traditional doctor advertises his services in Tatum, Northwest Province. Such healers are popular alternatives to conventionally trained doctors.

Most children have access to free, state-run schools or subsidized, private and religious facilities. The educational system is a mixture of British and French precedents, with most instruction in English or French. Cameroon has one of the highest school attendance rates in Africa. Girls attend school less regularly than boys do because of cultural attitudes, domestic duties, early marriage and pregnancy, and sexual harassment. Although attendance rates are higher in the south, a disproportionate number of teachers are stationed there, leaving northern schools chronically understaffed.

The quality of health care is generally low. Outside the major cities, facilities are often dirty and poorly equipped. Endemic diseases include dengue fever, philariasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, meningitis, schistosomiasis, and sleeping sickness. The HIV/AIDS rate is estimated at 5.4 percent for those aged 15–49, although a strong stigma against the illness keeps the number of reported cases artificially low. Traditional healers remain a popular alternative to Western medicine.

Provinces and divisions

Cameroon is divided into 10 provinces.

The constitution divides Cameroon into 10 semi-autonomous regions, each under the administration of an elected Regional Council. In practice, Cameroon still follows the system that was in place prior to the adoption of a new constitution in 1996. The country is divided into 10 provinces, each headed by a presidentially appointed governor. These leaders are charged with implementing the will of the president, reporting on the general mood and conditions of the provinces, administering the civil service, keeping the peace, and overseeing the heads of the smaller administrative units. Governors have broad powers: they may order propaganda in their area and call in the army, gendarmes, and police.[3] The provinces are subdivided into 58 divisions (French départements). These are headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers (prefets), who perform the governors' duties on a smaller scale. The divisions are further sub-divided into sub-divisions, headed by assistant divisional officers. The districts, administered by district heads, are the smallest administrative units. These are found in large sub-divisions and in regions that are difficult to reach.

The three northernmost provinces are the Far North, North, and Adamawa. Directly south of them are the Center and East. The South Province lies on the Gulf of Guinea and the southern border. Cameroon's western region is split into four smaller provinces: The Littoral and Southwest provinces are on the coast, and the Northwest and West provinces are in the western grassfields. The Northwest and Southwest were once part of British Cameroons; the other provinces were in French Cameroun.


Economy and infrastructure

Cameroon's per-capita GDP (PPP) was estimated as US$2,421 in 2005,[4] high for an African country.[5] Major export markets include France, Italy, South Korea, Spain, and the United Kingdom.[6] Cameroon is part of the Bank of Central African States and the Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC). Its currency is the CFA franc. Red tape, high taxes, and endemic corruption have impeded growth of the private sector.[7] Unemployment was estimated at 30% in 2001, and about 48% of the population was living below the poverty threshold in 2000.[6] Since 1997, Cameroon has been following programmes advocated by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to reduce poverty, privatise industries, and increase economic growth.[8] Tourism is a growing sector, particularly in the coastal area, around Mount Cameroon, and in the north.[9]

Tea, such as this bag produced by the Cameroon Development Corporation, is one of Cameroon's major cash crops.

Cameroon's natural resources are better suited to agriculture and forestry than to industry. An estimated 70% of the population farms, and agriculture comprised an estimated 45.2% of GDP in 2006. Most agriculture is done at the subsistence scale by local farmers using simple tools. They sell their surplus produce, and some maintain separate fields for commercial use. Urban centres are particularly reliant on peasant agriculture for their foodstuffs.[10] Soils and climate on the coast encourage extensive commercial cultivation of bananas, cocoa, oil palms, rubber, and tea. Inland on the South Cameroon Plateau, cash crops include coffee, sugar, and tobacco. Coffee is a major cash crop in the western highlands, and in the north, natural conditions favour crops such as cotton, groundnuts, and rice. Reliance on agricultural exports makes Cameroon vulnerable to shifts in their prices.

A Fulani herder drives his cattle in northern Cameroon.

Livestock are raised throughout the country. Fishing employs some 5,000 people and provides 20,000 tons of seafood each year.[11] Bushmeat, long a staple food for rural Cameroonians, is today a delicacy in the country's urban centres. The commercial bushmeat trade has now surpassed deforestation as the main threat to wildlife in Cameroon.[12]

The southern rainforest has vast timber reserves, estimated to cover 37% of Cameroon's total land area.[13] However, large areas of the forest are difficult to reach. Logging, largely handled by foreign-owned firms, provides the government US$60 million a year, and laws mandate the safe and sustainable exploitation of timber. Nevertheless, in practice, the industry is one of the least regulated in Cameroon.[14][15]

A bush taxi attempts to pass a stalled logging vehicle on the road between Abong-Mbang and Lomié, East Province.

Factory-based industry accounted for an estimated 16.1% of GDP in 2006.[6] More than 75% of Cameroon's industrial strength is located in Douala and Bonabéri.[16] Cameroon possesses substantial mineral resources, but these are not extensively mined.[8] Petroleum exploitation has fallen since 1985, but this is still a substantial sector such that dips in prices have a strong effect on the economy.[17][6] Rapids and waterfalls obstruct the southern rivers, but these sites offer opportunities for hydroelectric development and supply most of Cameroon's energy.[5] The Sanaga River powers the largest hydroelectric station, located at Edéa.[18] The rest of Cameroon's energy comes from oil-powered thermal engines. Much of the country remains without reliable power supplies.[19]

Transport in Cameroon is often difficult. Roads are poorly maintained[20] and subject to inclement weather, since only 10% of the roadways are tarred. Roadblocks often serve little other purpose than to allow police and gendarmes to collect bribes from travelers.[21] Rail service runs from Kumba in the west to Bélabo in the east and north to Ngaoundéré. International airports are located in Douala and Garoua with a smaller facility at Yaoundé. The Wouri River estuary provides a harbour for Douala, the country's principal seaport. In the north, the Bénoué River is seasonally navigable from Garoua across into Nigeria.

Although press freedoms have improved since the early 2000s, the press is corrupt and beholden to special interests and political groups.[22] Newspapers routinely self-censor to avoid government reprisals.[23] The major radio and television stations are state-run,[24] and other communications, such as land-based telephones and telegraphs, are largely under government control.[25] However, cell phone networks and Internet providers have increased dramatically since the early 2000s[26] and are largely unregulated.[27]

Demographics

Members of Tikar ethnic groups, such as this family, live in the Northwest Province.

2005 estimates place Cameroon's population at 17,795,000.[28] This population is young: an estimated 41.2% are under 15, and 96.7% are under 65. The birth rate is estimated at 33.89 births per 1,000 people, the death rate at 13.47. The life expectancy is 51.16 years (50.98 years for males and 51.34 years for females).

Cameroon's population is almost evenly divided between urban and rural dwellers.[29] Population density is highest in the large urban centers, the western highlands, and the northeastern plain.[30] Douala, Yaoundé, and Garoua are the largest cities. In contrast, the Adamawa Plateau, southeastern Bénoué depression, and most of the South Cameroon Plateau are sparsely populated.[31] People from the overpopulated western highlands and the underdeveloped north are moving to the coastal plantation zone and urban centres for employment.[32] Smaller movements are occurring as workers seek employment in lumber mills and plantations in the south and east.[33] Although the national sex ratio is relatively even, these out-migrants are primarily males, which leads to unbalanced ratios in some regions.[34]

English and French are the official languages.

Both monogamous and polygamous marriage are practiced, and the average Cameroonian family is large and extended.[35] In the north, women tend to the home, and men herd cattle or work as farmers. In the south, women grow the family's food, and men provide meat and grow cash crops. Cameroonian society is male-dominated, and violence and discrimination against women is common.[36][23][27] At the onset of puberty, an estimated 26% of girls are subjected to breast ironing, a practice by which their breasts are pounded or massaged with heated objects to prevent them from developing. The goal is to prevent the girls from becoming precociously sexually active and to protect them from sexual assault.[37] Female genital mutilation is practiced in portions of the Far North and Southwest provinces.[38]

The homes of the Musgum, in the Far North Province, are made of earth and grass.

Estimates identify anywhere from 230 to 282 different ethnic and linguistic groups in Cameroon.[39][40] The Adamawa Plateau broadly bisects these into northern and southern divisions. The northern peoples are Sudanese ethnic groups, who live in the central highlands and the northern lowlands, and the Fulani, who are spread throughout northern Cameroon. A small number of Shuwa Arabs live near Lake Chad. Southern Cameroon is inhabited by speakers of Bantu and Semi-Bantu languages. Bantu-speaking groups inhabit the coastal and equatorial zones, while speakers of Semi-Bantu languages live in the Western grassfields. Some 5,000 Pygmies roam the southeastern and coastal rainforests or live in small, roadside settlements.[41] War in the Central African Republic has driven more than 20,000 refugees to Cameroon's Adamawa and East provinces since 2002.[42] Nigerians, especially Igbo, make up the largest group of foreign nationals.[43]

Cameroon has a high level of religious freedom and diversity.[23] The northern peoples are predominantly Muslim, although some ethnic groups retain native animist beliefs and are called Kirdi ("pagan") by the Fulani. The U.S. Department of State claims that some Muslims discriminate against Christians and followers of traditional beliefs in the north.[23] Southern ethnic groups predominantly follow Christian or animist beliefs, or a syncretic combination of the two. People widely believe in witchcraft, and the government outlaws such practices.[44] Suspected witches are often subject to mob violence.[23]

The European languages introduced during colonialism have created a linguistic divide between the English-speaking fifth of the population who live in the Northwest and Southwest provinces and the French-speaking remainder of the country.[45] Both English and French are official languages. Cameroonian Pidgin English is the most common lingua franca, especially in the formerly British-administered territories.[46] A mixture of English, French, and Pidgin called Camfranglais has been gaining popularity in urban centres since the mid-1970s.[47]

Culture

Baka dancers greet visitors to the East Province.
Holidays
Date English Name
1 January New Year's Day
11 February National Youth Day
1 May Labour Day
20 May National Day
15 August Assumption
1 October Unification Day
25 December Christmas

Each of Cameroon's ethnic groups has its own unique cultural forms. Typical celebrations include births, deaths, plantings, harvests, and religious rituals. Seven national holidays are observed throughout the year, and movable holidays include the Christian holy days of Good Friday, Easter Sunday, Easter Monday, and Ascension; and the Muslim holy days of 'Id al-Fitr, 'Id al-Adha, and Eid Milad Nnabi.

Music and dance are an integral part of Cameroonian ceremonies, festivals, social gatherings, and storytelling.[48] Traditional dances are highly choreographed and separate men and women or forbid participation by one sex altogether.[49] The goals of dances range from pure entertainment to religious devotion.[50] Traditionally, music is transmitted orally. In a typical performance, a chorus of singers echoes a soloist.[51] Musical accompaniment may be as simple as clapping hands and stomping feet,[52] but traditional instruments include bells worn by dancers, clappers, drums and talking drums, flutes, horns, rattles, scrapers, stringed instruments, whistles, and xylophones; the exact combination varies with ethnic group and region. Some performers sing complete songs by themselves, accompanied by a harplike instrument.[51][53]

Popular music styles include ambasse bey of the coast, assiko of the Bassa, mangambeu of the Bangangte, and tsamassi of the Bamileke.[54] Nigerian music has influenced Anglophone Cameroonian performers, and Prince Nico Mbarga's highlife hit "Sweet Mother" is the top-selling African record in history.[55] The two most popular styles are makossa and bikutsi. Makossa developed in Douala and mixes folk music, highlife, soul, and Congo music. Performers such as Manu Dibango, Francis Bebey, Moni Bilé, and Petit-Pays popularised the style worldwide in the 1970s and 1980s. Bikutsi originated as war music among the Ewondo. Artists such as Anne-Marie Nzié developed it into a popular dance music beginning in the 1940s, and performers such as Mama Ohandja and Les Têtes Brulées popularised it internationally during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.[56]

Cuisine varies by region, but a large, one-course, evening meal is common throughout the country. A typical dish is based on cocoyams, maize, manioc, millet, plantains, potatoes, rice, or yams, often pounded into dough-like fufu (cous-cous). This is served with a sauce, soup, or stew made from greens, groundnuts, palm oil, or other ingredients.[57] Meat and fish are popular but expensive additions.[58] Dishes are often quite hot, spiced with salt, red pepper, and Maggi.[59] Water, palm wine, and millet beer are the traditional mealtime drinks, although beer, soda, and wine have gained popularity.[60] Silverware is common, but food is traditionally manipulated with the right hand. Breakfast consists of leftovers or bread and fruit with coffee or tea. Snacks are popular, especially in larger towns where they may be bought from street vendors.

A woman weaves a basket near Lake Ossa, Littoral Province. Cameroonians practice such handicrafts throughout the country.

Traditional arts and crafts are practices throughout the country for commercial, decorative, and religious purposes. Woodcarvings and sculptures are especially common.[61] The high-quality clay of the western highlands is suitable for pottery and ceramics.[50] Other crafts include basket weaving, beadworking, brass and bronze working, calabash carving and painting, embroidery, and leather working. Traditional housing styles make use of locally available materials and vary from temporary wood-and-leaf shelters of nomadic Mbororo to the rectangular mud-and-thatch homes of southern peoples. Dwellings made from materials such as cement and tin are increasingly common.[62]

Cameroon faces Germany at Zentralstadion in Leipzig, 27 April 2003.

Cameroonian literature and film have concentrated on both European and African themes. Colonial-era writers such as Louis-Marie Pouka and Sankie Maimo were educated by European missionary societies and advocated assimilation into European culture as the means to bring Cameroon into the modern world.[63] After World War II, writers such as Mongo Beti and Ferdinand Oyono analysed and criticised colonialism and rejected assimilation.[64] Shortly after independence, filmmakers such as Jean-Paul Ngassa and Thérèse Sita-Bella explored similar themes.[65] In the 1960s, Mongo Beti and other writers explored post-colonialism, problems of African development, and the recovery of African identity.[66] Meanwhile, in the mid-1970s, filmmakers such as Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa and Daniel Kamwa dealt with the conflicts between traditional and post-colonial society. Literature and films during the next two decades concentrated more on wholly Cameroonian themes.[67]

National policy strongly advocates sport in all forms. Traditional sports include canoe racing and wrestling, and several hundred runners participate in the 40 km (24.8 mi) Mount Cameroon Race of Hope each year.[68] Cameroon is one of the few tropical countries to have competed in the Winter Olympics. However, sport in Cameroon is dominated by football (soccer). Amateur football clubs abound, organised along ethnic lines or under corporate sponsors. The Cameroon national football team has been one of the most successful in the world since its strong showing in the 1990 FIFA World Cup. Cameroon has won four African Cup of Nations titles.[69]

Notes

  1. DeLancey and DeLancey 2.
  2. Fanso 84.
  3. Neba 250.
  4. "World Economic and Financial Surveys".
  5. 5.0 5.1 West 12.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CIA
  7. Neba 132.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named State Dept
  9. Neba 173–6.
  10. Neba 208.
  11. Neba 185.
  12. West 24.
  13. Neba 189.
  14. Neba 195.
  15. West 23.
  16. Neba 170.
  17. Neba 158.
  18. Neba 160.
  19. Neba 161.
  20. Neba 199.
  21. Hudgens and Trillo 1036.
  22. "Cameroon - Annual Report 2007".
  23. 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 "Cameroon," Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.
  24. Neba 207.
  25. Mbaku 20.
  26. Mbaku 20–1.
  27. 27.0 27.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Freedom House
  28. World Population Prospects.
  29. West 3.
  30. Neba 109–11.
  31. Neba 111.
  32. Neba 105–6.
  33. Neba 106.
  34. Neba 103–4.
  35. Mbaku 139.
  36. Mbaku 141.
  37. Sa'ah.
  38. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EHRC
  39. Neba 65, 67.
  40. West 13.
  41. Neba 48.
  42. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
  43. Neba 108.
  44. Geschiere 169–70.
  45. DeLancey and DeLancey 28.
  46. Neba 94.
  47. DeLancey and DeLancey 131; Niba.
  48. Mbaku 189; West 18.
  49. Mbaku 204.
  50. 50.0 50.1 West 18.
  51. 51.0 51.1 Mbaku 189.
  52. Mbaku 191.
  53. West 18–9.
  54. DeLancey and DeLancey 184.
  55. Mbaku 200.
  56. DeLancey and DeLancey 51; Nkolo & Ewens 443.
  57. West 84–5.
  58. Mbaku 121–2.
  59. Hudgens and Trillo 1047; Mbaku 122; West 84.
  60. Mbaku 121; Hudgens and Trillo 1048.
  61. West 17.
  62. Mbaku 110–3.
  63. Mbaku 80–1
  64. Fitzpatrick 38; Mbaku 77, 83–4; Volet.
  65. DeLancey and DeLancey 119–20; West 20.
  66. Mbaku 85–6.
  67. DeLancey and DeLancey 120.
  68. West 127.
  69. West 92–3, 127.

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ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

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