Difference between revisions of "British Museum" - New World Encyclopedia

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[[Image:British Museum from NE.JPG|thumb|300 px|Main entrance of the British Museum in London]]
 
[[Image:British Museum from NE.JPG|thumb|300 px|Main entrance of the British Museum in London]]
[[Image:British Museum Great Court roof.jpg|thumb|right|The centre of the museum was redeveloped in [[2000]] to become the [[Queen Elizabeth II Great Court|Great Court]], with a [[tessellation|tessellated]] glass roof by [[Buro Happold]] and [[Foster and Partners]] surrounding the original [[British Museum Reading Room|Reading Room]].]]
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[[Image:British Museum Great Court roof.jpg|thumb|right|The center of the museum was redeveloped in 2000 to become the Great Court, with a tessellated glass roof by Buro Happold and Foster and Partners surrounding the original Reading Room.]]  
  
The '''British Museum''' in [[London]] is one of the world's largest [[museum]]s of human [[history]] and [[culture]]. Its collections, which number more than seven million objects from all continents, illustrate and document the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. As with all other national museums and art galleries in Britain, the Museum charges no admission fee, although charges are levied for some temporary special exhibitions.
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The '''British Museum''' in [[London]], [[England]], is one of the world's largest [[museum]]s of [[human]] [[history]] and [[culture]]. Its collections, which number more than seven million objects from all continents, illustrate and document the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. As with all other national museums and art galleries in Britain, the museum charges no admission fee, although charges are levied for some temporary special exhibitions. The museum was established in 1753, based largely on the collections of the physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. It was first opened to the public on January 15, 1759, in Montagu House in Bloomsbury. Until 1997, when the [[British Library]] opened to the public, the British Museum was unique in that it housed both a national museum of [[antiquities]] and a national [[library]] in the same building. From its founding, the museum has endeavored to promote universal understanding through the arts, [[natural history]], and [[science]]. Through its efforts, it has inspired and informed the public as well as contributing to the cultural and [[economics|economic]] life of the area of London in which it is located.
 
 
The Museum was established in [[1753]] was based largely on the collections of the physician and scientist Sir [[Hans Sloane]]. The museum first opened to the public on January 15, 1759 in [[Montagu House, Bloomsbury|Montagu House]] in [[Bloomsbury, London|Bloomsbury]], on the site of the current museum building. Its expansion over the following two and a half centuries has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions, the first being the [[Natural History Museum|British Museum (Natural History)]] in [[South Kensington]] in 1887. Until 1997, when the [[British Library]] opened to the public, the British Museum was unique in that it housed both a national museum of [[antiquities]] and a [[national library]] in the same building. Its present chairman is Sir [[John Boyd (ambassador)|John Boyd]] and its director is [[Neil MacGregor]].
 
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
Though principally a museum of cultural art objects and antiquities today, the British Museum was founded as a "universal museum". This is reflected in the first bequest by Sir [[Hans Sloane]], comprising some 40,000 printed books, 7,000 manuscripts, extensive natural history specimens, prints by [[Albrecht Dürer]] and antiquities from [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], the [[Middle East|Middle]] and [[Far East]] and the [[Americas]]. The Foundation Act, passed on June 7, 1753, added two other libraries to the Sloane collection. The Cottonian Library, assembled by Sir [[Robert Cotton]], dated back to Elizabethan times and the Harleian library was the collection of the [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer|first]] and [[Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Mortimer|second]] [[Earl of Oxford|Earls of Oxford]]. They were joined in [[1757]] by the Royal Library assembled by various British monarchs. Together these four "Foundation collections" included many of the most treasured books now in the [[British Library]], including the [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] and the sole surviving copy of ''[[Beowulf]]''.
 
 
The body of trustees (which until [[1963]] was chaired by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], the [[Lord Chancellor]] and the [[Speaker of the British House of Commons|Speaker of the House of Commons]]) decided on [[Montagu House, Bloomsbury|Montagu House]] as a location for the museum, which it bought from the Montagu family for [[pound sterling|£]]20,000. The Trustees rejected Buckingham House, on a site now occupied by [[Buckingham Palace]], on the grounds of cost and the unsuitability of its location.
 
  
After its foundation the British Museum received several gifts, including the Thomason Library and [[David Garrick]]'s library of 1,000 printed plays, but had few ancient relics and would have been unrecognizable to visitors of the modern museum. The first notable addition to the collection of antiquities was by Sir [[William Hamilton (diplomat)|William Hamilton]], British Ambassador to [[Naples]], who sold his collection of [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] artifacts to the museum in 1782. In the early [[19th century]] the foundations for the extensive collection of sculpture began to be laid. After the defeat of the [[France|French]] in the [[Battle of the Nile]] in [[1801]] the British Museum acquired more Egyptian sculpture and the [[Rosetta Stone]]. Many Greek sculptures followed, notably the Towneley collection in 1805 and the [[Elgin Marbles]] in 1816.
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The British Museum was founded in 1753, with the mission of holding in trust "a collection of art and antiquities from ancient and living cultures." The museum operates according to three guiding principles: "that the collections are held in perpetuity in their entirety, that they are widely available to all who seek to enjoy and learn from them, and that they are curated by full-time specialists."<ref>[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/aboutus/about.html About Us.] The British Museum. Retrieved December 10, 2006.</ref>
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[[Image:Durer1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The British Museum, Room 90 – Dürer, “The Triumphal Arch” – One of the largest prints ever produced]]
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Though principally a museum of cultural art objects and antiquities, the British Museum was founded as a "universal museum." This is reflected in the first bequest by Sir Hans Sloane, comprising some 40,000 printed books, 7,000 manuscripts, extensive natural history specimens, prints by [[Albrecht Dürer]], and antiquities from [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], the [[Middle East]], the [[Far East]], and the [[Americas]]. The Foundation Act, passed on June 7, 1753, added two other libraries to the Sloane collection. The Cottonian Library, assembled by Sir Robert Cotton, dated back to Elizabethan times, and the Harleian Library was the collection of the first and second Earls of Oxford. They were joined in 1757 by the Royal Library assembled by various British monarchs. Together these four "Foundation collections" included many of the most treasured books now in the [[British Library]], including the [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] and the sole surviving copy of ''[[Beowulf]].''
  
The collection soon outgrew its surroundings and the situation became urgent with the donation in [[1822]] of [[George III of Great Britain|King George III]]'s personal library of 65,000 volumes, 19,000 pamphlets, maps, charts and topographical drawings to the museum. The dilapidated Old Montagu House was demolished in 1845 and replaced by a design by the [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] architect Sir [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]].
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The body of trustees (which until 1963 was chaired by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], the Lord Chancellor, and the Speaker of the House of Commons) decided on Montagu House, which it bought from the Montagu family for £20,000, as the location for the museum. The trustees rejected Buckingham House, on a site now occupied by [[Buckingham Palace]], on the grounds of cost and the unsuitability of its location.
  
[[Image:800px-British Museum Reading Room Panorama Feb 2006.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The circular Reading Room.]]
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After its foundation, the British Museum received several gifts, including the Thomason Library and [[David Garrick]]'s library of 1,000 printed plays, but had few ancient relics and would have been unrecognizable to visitors of the modern museum. The first notable addition to the collection of antiquities was by Sir William Hamilton, British ambassador to Naples, who sold his collection of [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] artifacts to the museum in 1782. In the early nineteenth century, the foundations for the extensive collection of [[sculpture]]s began to be laid. After the defeat of the [[France|French]] in the [[Battle of the Nile]] in 1801, the British Museum acquired more Egyptian sculptures and the [[Rosetta Stone]]. Many Greek sculptures followed, notably the Towneley collection in 1805 and the [[Elgin Marbles]] in 1816.
Roughly contemporary with the construction of the new building was the career of a man sometimes called the "second founder" of the British Museum, the Italian librarian [[Antonio Panizzi]]. Under his supervision the British Museum Library quintupled in size and became a well-organized institution worthy of being called a national library. The [[quadrangle]] at the centre of Smirke's design proved to be a waste of valuable space and was filled at Panizzi's request by a circular [[British Museum Reading Room|Reading Room]] of [[cast iron]], designed by Smirke's brother, [[Sydney Smirke]]. This is where [[Karl Marx]] famously carried out much of his research, and wrote some of his most important works.
 
  
The natural history collections were an integral part of the British Museum until their removal to the new British Museum (Natural History), now the [[Natural History Museum]], in [[1887]]. The [[ethnography]] collections were until recently housed in the short-lived [[Museum of Mankind]] in [[Piccadilly]]; they have now returned to Bloomsbury and the Department of Ethnography has been renamed the Department of [[Africa]], [[Oceania]] and the [[Americas]].
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The collection soon outgrew its surroundings and the situation became urgent with the donation in 1822 of [[King George III]]'s personal library of 65,000 volumes, 19,000 pamphlets, maps, charts, and topographical drawings to the museum. The old Montagu House was demolished in 1845 and replaced by a design by the neoclassical [[architecture|architect]] Sir Robert Smirke.
  
The temporary exhibition ''Treasures of [[Tutankhamun]]'', held by the British Museum in [[1972]], was the most successful in British history, attracting 1,694,117 visitors. In the same year the [[Act of Parliament]] establishing The [[British Library]] was passed, separating the collection of [[manuscript]]s and printed books from the British Museum. The Government suggested a site at [[St Pancras, London|St Pancras]] for the new British Library but the books did not leave the museum until 1997.
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[[Image:800px-British Museum Reading Room Panorama Feb 2006.jpg|thumb|left|350px|The circular Reading Room.]]
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Roughly contemporary with the construction of the new building was the career of a man sometimes called the "second founder" of the British Museum, the Italian librarian [[Antonio Panizzi]]. Under his supervision the British Museum Library quintupled in size and became a well-organized institution worthy of being called a national library. The quadrangle at the center of Smirke's design proved to be a waste of valuable space and was filled at Panizzi's request by a circular Reading Room of [[cast iron]], designed by Smirke's brother, Sydney Smirke. Despite being amongst the most famous rooms in the world, until December 2000, it was accessible only to those with a Reader's ticket. This is where notable scholars such as [[Virginia Woolf]], [[Thomas Carlyle]], and [[Karl Marx]] researched and wrote some of their most important works.
  
With the bookstacks in the central courtyard of the museum now empty, the process of demolition for [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Lord Foster]]'s glass-roofed Great Court could begin. The [[Queen Elizabeth II Great Court|Great Court]], opened in [[2000]], while undoubtedly improving circulation around the museum, was criticized for having a lack of exhibition space at a time when the museum was in serious financial difficulties and many galleries were closed to the public. In [[2002]] the museum was even closed for a day when its staff protested about proposed redundancies. A few weeks later the theft of a small Greek statue was blamed on lack of security staff.
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The natural history collections were an integral part of the British Museum until their removal to the new Natural History Museum in 1887. The [[ethnography]] collections were until recently housed in the short-lived Museum of Mankind in Piccadilly; they were returned to Bloomsbury and the department of ethnography was renamed the department of [[Africa]], [[Oceania]], and the [[Americas]].
  
==Controversy==
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The temporary exhibition ''Treasures of [[Tutankhamun]],'' held by the British Museum in 1972, was the most successful in British history, attracting 1,694,117 visitors. In the same year, the Act of Parliament establishing the British Library was passed, separating the collection of [[manuscript]]s and printed books from the British Museum. The government suggested a site at St. Pancras in London for the new British Library, but the books did not leave the museum until 1997.
[[Image:Elgin Marbles east pediment.jpg|thumb|right|A few of the [[Parthenon Marbles]] (popularly known as the [[Elgin Marbles]]) from the East [[Pediment]] of the [[Parthenon]].]]
 
  
It is a point of controversy whether museums should be allowed to possess artefacts taken from other countries, and the British Museum is a notable target for criticism. The [[Parthenon Marbles]] and the [[Benin Bronzes]] are among the most disputed objects in its collections, and organizations have been formed demanding the return of both sets of artifacts to their native countries of [[Greece]] and [[Nigeria]] respectively.
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With the book stacks in the central courtyard of the museum now empty, the process of demolition for Lord Foster's glass-roofed Great Court could begin. The Great Court, opened in 2000, while undoubtedly improving circulation around the museum, was criticized for having a lack of exhibition space at a time when the museum was in serious financial difficulties and many galleries were closed to the public. In 2002, the museum was even closed for a day when its staff protested about proposed redundancies. A few weeks later the theft of a small Greek statue was blamed on lack of security staff.
  
The British Museum has refused to return either set, or any of its other disputed items, stating that the "restitutionist premise, that whatever was made in a country must return to an original geographical site, would empty both the British Museum and the other great museums of the world".[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/gr/andart.html] The Museum has also argued that the British Museum Act of 1963 legally prevents it from selling any of its valuable artefacts, even the ones not on display. Critics have particularly argued against the right of the British Museum to own objects which it does not share with the public.
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== The Building ==
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[[Image:Britmuseum.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Corner of the Great Court, with Easter Island ''moai.'']] The current structure replaced Montagu House of 1686.
  
Supporters of the Museum claim that it has provided protection for artifacts that may have otherwise been damaged or destroyed if they had been left in their original environments. While some critics have accepted this, they also argue that the artifacts should now be returned to their countries of origin if there is sufficient expertise and desire there to preserve them.  
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The Greek Revival façade facing Great Russell Street is a characteristic building of Sir Robert Smirke, with 44 [[Ionic]] columns, 13.7 meters high, closely based on those of the temple of Athena Polias at Priene in [[Asia Minor]]. The pediment over the main entrance is decorated by sculptures by Sir Richard Westmacott depicting ''The Progress of Civilization,'' consisting of fifteen allegorical figures, installed in 1852.
  
The British Museum continues to assert that it is an appropriate custodian and has an inalienable right to its disputed artifacts under British law.
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The construction commenced around the courtyard with the East Wing (the King's Library) from 1823 to 1828, followed by the North Wing in 1833 to 1838. Originally this housed, amongst other galleries, a reading room called the Welcome Gallery. Work also progressed on the northern half of the West Wing (the Egyptian Sculpture Gallery) from 1826 to 1831. Montagu House was demolished in 1842 to make room for the final part of the West Wing, which was completed in 1846, and the South Wing with its great colonnade. This was initiated in 1843, and completed in 1847, when the Front Hall and Great Staircase were opened to the public.  
  
== The building ==
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In 1846, Robert Smirke was replaced as the museum's architect by his brother Sydney Smirke, whose major addition was the Round Reading Room constructed from 1854 to 1857; at 42.6 meters in diameter, it was then the second-widest dome in the world, the [[Pantheon]] in Rome being slightly wider.
[[Image:Britmuseum.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Corner of the The Great Court, with Easter Island ''moai''.]]The current structure replaced Montagu House of 1686.
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[[Image:BM;_Archives_-_Impression_of_the_proposed_extension.jpg|thumb|left|350px| Proposed British Museum Extension, 1906]]
  
The [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] façade facing Great Russell Street is a characteristic building of Sir [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]], with 44 [[Ionic]] columns, 13.7 meters high, closely based on those of the temple of Athena Polias at [[Priene]] in [[Asia Minor]]. The [[pediment]] over the main entrance is decorated by sculptures by Sir [[Richard Westmacott]] depicting ''The Progress of Civilization'', consisting of fifteen allegorical figures , installed in 1852.
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The next major addition was the White Wing, constructed from 1882 to 1884 behind the eastern end of the South Front, the architect being Sir John Taylor.
  
The construction commenced around the courtyard with the East Wing (The King's Library) in 1823-28, followed by the North Wing in 1833-38, original this housed amongst other galleries a reading room now the Wellcome Gallery, work was also progressing on the northern half of the West Wing (The Egyptian Sculpture Gallery) 1826-31, then Montagu House was demolished from 1842 to make room for the final part of the West Wing completed in 1846 and the South Wing with its great colonnade, this was initiated in 1843, and completed in 1847 when the Front Hall and Great Staircase were opened to the public.  
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In 1895, the trustees purchased the 69 houses surrounding the museum with the intention of demolishing them and building around the west, north, and east sides of the museum new galleries that would completely fill the block on which the museum stands. Of this grand plan, only the [[Edward VII of England|Edward VII]] galleries in the center of the North Front were ever constructed. These were built from 1906 to 1914, to the design of Sir John James Burnet, and house the Asian and Islamic collections.
  
In 1846 Robert Smirke was replaced as the Museum's architect by his brother Sydney Smirke, whose major addition was the Round Reading Room 1854-57; at 42.6 meters in diameter it was then the second widest dome in the world, the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] in Rome being slightly wider.
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The Duveen Gallery, housing the Elgin Marbles, was designed by the American Beaux-Arts architect John Russell Pope. Although completed in 1938, it was hit by a bomb in 1940 and remained semi-derelict for 22 years before reopening in 1962.
  
The next major addition was the White Wing 1882-84 added behind the eastern end of the South Front, the architect being Sir [[John Taylor (architect)|John Taylor]].
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The [[Queen Elizabeth II]] Great Court is a covered square at the center of the British Museum designed by Buro Happold and Foster and Partners. The Great Court opened in December 2000 and is the largest covered square in [[Europe]]. The roof is a glass and steel construction with 1,656 panes of uniquely shaped glass panes. At the centre of the Great Court is the Reading Room vacated by the [[British Library]]. The Reading Room is open to any member of the public who wishes to read there.
  
In 1895 the Trustees purchased the 69 houses surronding the Museum with the intention of demolishing them and building around the West, North and East sides of the Museum new galleries that would completely fill the block on which the Museum stands. Of this grand plan only the Edward VII galleries in the centre of the North Front were ever constructed, these were built 1906-14 to the design of Sir John James Burnet and now house the Asian and Islamic collections.
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== The Departments ==
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[[Image:Michelangelo_Epifania.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The British Museum, Room 90, Michelangelo's "Epifania," the last surviving large-scale cartoon by the artist]]
  
The [[Joseph Duveen, 1st Baron Duveen of Millbank|Duveen]] Gallery housing the Elgin Marbles was designed by the American [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] architect [[John Russell Pope]]. Although completed in 1938 it was hit by a bomb in 1940 and remained semi-derelict for 22 years before reopening in 1962.
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The museum is divided into nine departments:
 
 
The [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] Great Court is a covered square at the center of the British Museum designed by the engineers [[Buro Happold]] and the architects [[Foster and Partners]]. The Great Court opened in December [[2000]] and is the largest covered square in Europe.  The roof is a glass and steel construction with 1,656 panes of uniquely shaped glass panes. At the centre of the Great Court is the Reading Room vacated by the [[British Library]], its functions now moved to St Pancras. The Reading Room is open to any member of the public who wishes to read there.
 
 
 
== The Departments ==
 
The museum is currently divided into nine departments:
 
  
 
;Ancient Egypt and Sudan
 
;Ancient Egypt and Sudan
Spanning 10,000 BC to the 12th century AD, these are probably the most comprehensive collections outside of their respective countries of origin.
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Spanning 10,000 B.C.E. to the twelfth century C.E., these are probably the most comprehensive collections outside of their respective countries of origin.
  
 
;Asia
 
;Asia
This department covers all of the continent's history plus the Islamic world to the present day. The collections covering [[Mesopotamia]] and the succeeding cultures are the finest outside [[Iraq]].
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This department covers all of the continent's history plus the [[Islam]]ic world to the present day. The collections covering [[Mesopotamia]] and the succeeding cultures are the finest outside [[Iraq]].
  
 
;Coins and Medals
 
;Coins and Medals
The [[Numismatics|numismatic]] collection consists of around 1,000,000 items. Its chronological scope is from the 7th century BC to the present day and its geographical scope is global.  
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The [[Numismatics|numismatic]] collection consists of around 1,000,000 items. Its chronological scope is from the seventh century B.C.E. to the present day and its geographical scope is global.  
  
 
;Africa, Oceania and the Americas
 
;Africa, Oceania and the Americas
The collection mainly consists of 19th- and 20th-century items although the [[Inca]], [[Aztec]], [[Maya]] and other early cultures are well represented; collecting of modern artefacts is ongoing.  
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The collection mainly consists of nineteenth- and twentieth-century items, although the [[Inca Civilization|Inca]], [[Aztec Civilization|Aztec]], [[Maya Civilization|Maya]], and other early [[culture]]s are well represented; collecting of modern artifacts is ongoing.  
  
 
;Greek and Roman Antiquities
 
;Greek and Roman Antiquities
The items in the collection cover c. 3200 BC to the 4th century AD and cover all geographical areas these cultures controlled or influenced.
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The items in the collection cover c. 3200 B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E. and cover all geographical areas these cultures controlled or influenced.
  
 
;Prehistory and Europe
 
;Prehistory and Europe
The prehistoric collections cover Europe, Africa and Asia, the earliest African artefacts being around 2,000,000 years old. Coverage of Europe extends to the present day.
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The [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] collections cover [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]], the earliest African artifacts being dated as much as two million years old. Coverage of Europe extends to the present day.
  
 
;Prints and Drawings
 
;Prints and Drawings
This department covers Western graphic art from the 15th century to the present, containing around 50,000 drawings and 2,000,000 prints.
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This department covers Western graphic art from the fifteenth century to the present, containing around 50,000 drawings and 2,000,000 prints.
  
;Conservation, Documentation and Science
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;Conservation, Documentation, and Science
This department was founded in 1924. Conservation has six specialist areas: ceramics & glass; metals; organic material (including textiles); stone, wall paintings and mosaics; Eastern pictorial art and Western pictorial art. The science department has and continues to develop techniques to date artefacts, analyse and identify the materials used in their manufacture, to identify the place an artifact originated and the techniques used in their creation. The deparment also publishes its findings and discoveries.
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This department was founded in 1924. Conservation has six specialist areas: ceramics and glass; metals; organic material (including textiles); stone, wall paintings and mosaics; Eastern pictorial art and Western pictorial art. The [[science]] department develops techniques to date artifacts, analyze and identify the materials used in their manufacture, and to identify the places artifacts originated and the techniques used in their creation. The department also publishes its findings and discoveries.
  
 
;Learning and Information
 
;Learning and Information
This department covers all levels of education, from casual visitors, schools, degree level and beyond. The Museum's various libraries hold in excess of 350,000 books, journals & pamphlets covering all areas of the museum's collection. Also the general Museum archives which date from its foundation in 1753 are overseen by this department; the indivdual deparments have their own separate archives covering their various areas of responsibilty.
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This department covers all levels of [[education]], from casual visitors, schools, degree level and beyond. The museum's various libraries hold in excess of 350,000 books, journals, and pamphlets covering all areas of the museum's collection. The general museum archives, which date from its foundation in 1753, are overseen by this department; the individual departments have their own separate archives covering their various areas of responsibility.
  
==The collections==
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==The Collections==
[[Image:British_Museum_int-250px.jpg|thumb|180px|The Egyptian sculpture galleries]]
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[[Image:British_Museum_int-250px.jpg|thumb|right|180px|The Egyptian sculpture galleries]]
 
Highlights of the collections include:
 
Highlights of the collections include:
  
 
*The [[Elgin Marbles]], carvings from the Athenian [[Parthenon]]  
 
*The [[Elgin Marbles]], carvings from the Athenian [[Parthenon]]  
*The [[Portland Vase]]
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*The Portland Vase
 
*The [[Rosetta Stone]]
 
*The [[Rosetta Stone]]
*The [[Marc Aurel Stein|Stein collection]] from [[Central Asia]]
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*The Stein collection from [[Central Asia]]
 
*The Clock Room
 
*The Clock Room
 
*Works by [[Albrecht Dürer]]: more than 100 drawings and 900 prints
 
*Works by [[Albrecht Dürer]]: more than 100 drawings and 900 prints
 
*[[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] [[Mummy|Mummies]]
 
*[[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] [[Mummy|Mummies]]
*The [[Benin Bronzes]]
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*The Benin Bronzes
*The [[Cyrus Cylinder]] and many other [[Iran|Persian]] artifacts
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*The Cyrus Cylinder and many other [[Persia]]n artifacts
*[[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] artifacts from the [[Sutton Hoo]] burial
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*[[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] artifacts from the Sutton Hoo burial
*The [[Lewis Chessmen]]
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*The Lewis Chessmen
*The [[Mold, Flintshire|Mold]] cape (a [[Bronze age]] [[gold]] ceremonial cape)
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*The Mold cape (a [[Bronze Age]] [[gold]] ceremonial cape)
 
*The [[basalt]] ''moai'' (statue) Hoa Hakananai'a from [[Easter Island]]
 
*The [[basalt]] ''moai'' (statue) Hoa Hakananai'a from [[Easter Island]]
*The [[Mildenhall Treasure]]
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*The Mildenhall Treasure
  
The notorious Cupboard 55 in the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities, inaccessible by the public and known as "[[Secretum (British Museum)|the Secretum]]", has a reputation for containing some of the most erotic objects in the British Museum. Though claiming to be from ancient cultures, many of the objects are Victorian fakes and are deemed unfit for public display on grounds of quality, rather than because of their supposed obscenity.  In any case, the Museum's attitudes to material previously held to be 'obscene' has now changed, as shown by the [[Warren Cup]].
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The notorious Cupboard 55 in the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities, inaccessible by the public and known as "the Secretum," has a reputation for containing some of the most erotic objects in the British Museum. Though claiming to be from ancient cultures, many of the objects are Victorian fakes and are deemed unfit for public display on grounds of quality, rather than because of their supposed [[obscenity]].
  
==Trivia==
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==Controversy==
*The British Museum, and especially the [[British Museum Reading Room|Reading Room]], is a recurring setting in [[David Lodge (author)|David Lodge]]'s [[1965 in literature|1965]] novel ''[[The British Museum Is Falling Down]]''.
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[[Image:Elgin Marbles east pediment.jpg|thumb|right|A few of the Parthenon Marbles (popularly known as the Elgin Marbles) from the East Pediment of the Parthenon.]]
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It is a point of controversy whether museums should be allowed to possess artifacts taken from other countries, and the British Museum is a notable target for criticism. The Parthenon Marbles and the Benin Bronzes are among the most disputed objects in its collections, and organizations have been formed demanding the return of both sets of artifacts to their native countries of [[Greece]] and [[Nigeria]] respectively.
 +
 
 +
The British Museum has refused to return either set, or any of its other disputed items, stating that the "restitutionist premise, that whatever was made in a country must return to an original geographical site, would empty both the British Museum and the other great museums of the world."<ref name=Anderson>Robert Anderson, [http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/gr/andart.html Parthenon: Why the British Museum cannot and does not want to lend its Sculptures of the Parthenon,] The British Museum. Retrieved November 29, 2006.</ref> The museum has also argued that the British Museum Act of 1963 legally prevents it from selling any of its valuable artifacts, even the ones not on display. Critics have particularly argued against the right of the British Museum to own objects that it does not share with the public.
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 +
Supporters of the museum claim that it has provided protection for artifacts that may have otherwise been damaged or destroyed if they had been left in their original environments, a sentiment echoed by the director of the museum:
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<blockquote>The Museum has always regarded it as a privilege to display some of the finest artworks known to mankind and has a responsibility to promote public understanding of them, which it does through exhibitions, publications and many educational programmes. The first responsibility of the Museum is, however, to keep the objects in its care safe for present and future generations.<ref name=Anderson/></blockquote>
 +
While some critics have accepted this, they also argue that the artifacts should now be returned to their countries of origin if there is sufficient expertise and desire there to preserve them. The British Museum continues to assert that it is an appropriate custodian and has an inalienable right to its disputed artifacts under British law. As a sign of dedication to legitimate ownership of artifacts, the museum even patrols the online auction site eBay for illicit artifacts of academic interest.<ref>Chris Williams, [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/10/03/ebay_british_museum/ British Museum to police eBay,] ''The Register,'' October 3, 2006. Retrieved November 29, 2006.</ref> In 2006, however, the museum did agree to return the bones of 17 Tasmanian Aborigines to [[Australia]]. The decision to do so was made out of consideration to a new law concerning the repatriation of artifacts.<ref> [http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200611/s1791689.htm British museum to return Tas Aboriginal remains.] Reuters. Retrieved November 29, 2006.</ref>
  
*The British Museum is also seen in ''[[The Mummy Returns]]'' although not from the outside. This view is actually of [[University College London]].
+
Controversial [[graffiti]] artist Banksy, whose identity remains unknown, but whose work is witty, subversive, and prolific,<ref>Banksy, ''Wall and Piece'' (Random House UK, 2005 ISBN 1844137864).</ref> raised interesting issues within the art world when he hung his own work on the wall of the museum, unbeknownst to curators. The work is a satirical piece made to look like a cave drawing on a piece of rock of a man with a shopping cart. The museum actually kept the piece on display after realizing it had been placed there.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4563751.stm Cave art hoax hits British Museum.] BBC News. Retrieved November 29, 2006.</ref>
  
 
==Galleries==
 
==Galleries==
 
===Joseph E. Hotung Gallery (Asia)===
 
===Joseph E. Hotung Gallery (Asia)===
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
Image:IndusValleySeals.JPG|Seals of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]].
+
Image:IndusValleySeals.JPG|Seals of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Image:MathuraLionCapital.JPG|The [[Indo-Scythian]] [[Mathura lion capital]], 1st century CE.
+
Image:MathuraLionCapital.JPG|The Indo-Scythian Mathura lion capital, first century C.E..
Image:6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG|Fragment of the 6th Pillar [[Edicts of Ashoka|Edict of Ashoka]] (238 BCE), in [[Brahmi]], sandstone.
+
Image:6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG|Fragment of the 6th Pillar Edict of Ashoka (238 B.C.E.), in Brahmi, sandstone.
Image:KanishkaCasket.JPG|The [[Kanishka casket]], dated to [[127|127 C.E.]], with the [[Buddha]] surrounded by [[Brahma]] and [[Indra]].  
+
Image:KanishkaCasket.JPG|The Kanishka casket, dated to 127 C.E., with the Buddha surrounded by Brahma and Indra.  
Image:CrystalGoose.JPG|A [[Hamsa bird|Hamsa]] sacred goose [[reliquary]], [[Gandhara]], 1st century CE.  
+
Image:CrystalGoose.JPG|A Hamsa sacred goose reliquary, Gandhara, first century C.E.  
Image:BimaranCasket.JPG|The [[Bimaran casket]], Gandhara, 1st century CE.
+
Image:BimaranCasket.JPG|The Bimaran casket, Gandhara, first century C.E.
Image:EmaciatedBuddha.JPG|The [[Buddha]] as an ascetic. [[Gandhara]], 2-3rd century CE.
+
Image:EmaciatedBuddha.JPG|The Buddha as an ascetic. Gandhara, second–third century C.E.
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
 
===Hellenistic galleries===
 
===Hellenistic galleries===
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
Image:ScythianArchers.JPG|Gold clothing appliqué, showing two [[Scythian]] archers, 400-350 BCE. Probably from Kul Oba, [[Crimea]].
+
Image:ScythianArchers.JPG|Gold clothing appliqué, showing two Scythian archers, 400-350 B.C.E. Probably from Kul Oba, Crimea.
Image:PalmyraWoman.JPG|Funerary bust of a woman. [[Palmyra]]. Mid-late 2nd century CE.
+
Image:PalmyraWoman.JPG|Funerary bust of a woman. Palmyra. Mid–late second century C.E.
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 +
 +
==Notes==
 +
<references/>
 +
 +
==References==
 +
* Banksy, ''Wall and Piece''. Random House UK, 2005. ISBN 1844137864
 +
* British Museum. ''The British Museum and its Collections.'' Published for the Trustees of the British Museum, 1982. ISBN 0714120170
 +
* Caygill, Marjorie. ''Treasures of the British Museum.'' Harry N. Abrams, 1985. ISBN 0810916878
  
 
== External links ==
 
== External links ==
 +
All links retrieved March 6, 2013.
 +
* [http://www.britishmuseum.org/ Official website of The British Museum]
 +
* [http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/the_museums_story/general_history.aspx History of the British Museum]
  
* [http://the.british.museum/ Official website of '''The British Museum''']
 
* [http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/visit/datelist.html A list of important dates in the British museum's history from the official website]
 
  
  
 
 
{{Credit1|British_Museum|85882427|}}
 
{{Credit1|British_Museum|85882427|}}

Revision as of 16:09, 6 March 2013


Main entrance of the British Museum in London
The center of the museum was redeveloped in 2000 to become the Great Court, with a tessellated glass roof by Buro Happold and Foster and Partners surrounding the original Reading Room.

The British Museum in London, England, is one of the world's largest museums of human history and culture. Its collections, which number more than seven million objects from all continents, illustrate and document the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. As with all other national museums and art galleries in Britain, the museum charges no admission fee, although charges are levied for some temporary special exhibitions. The museum was established in 1753, based largely on the collections of the physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. It was first opened to the public on January 15, 1759, in Montagu House in Bloomsbury. Until 1997, when the British Library opened to the public, the British Museum was unique in that it housed both a national museum of antiquities and a national library in the same building. From its founding, the museum has endeavored to promote universal understanding through the arts, natural history, and science. Through its efforts, it has inspired and informed the public as well as contributing to the cultural and economic life of the area of London in which it is located.

History

The British Museum was founded in 1753, with the mission of holding in trust "a collection of art and antiquities from ancient and living cultures." The museum operates according to three guiding principles: "that the collections are held in perpetuity in their entirety, that they are widely available to all who seek to enjoy and learn from them, and that they are curated by full-time specialists."[1]

File:Durer1.jpg
The British Museum, Room 90 – Dürer, “The Triumphal Arch” – One of the largest prints ever produced

Though principally a museum of cultural art objects and antiquities, the British Museum was founded as a "universal museum." This is reflected in the first bequest by Sir Hans Sloane, comprising some 40,000 printed books, 7,000 manuscripts, extensive natural history specimens, prints by Albrecht Dürer, and antiquities from Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Middle East, the Far East, and the Americas. The Foundation Act, passed on June 7, 1753, added two other libraries to the Sloane collection. The Cottonian Library, assembled by Sir Robert Cotton, dated back to Elizabethan times, and the Harleian Library was the collection of the first and second Earls of Oxford. They were joined in 1757 by the Royal Library assembled by various British monarchs. Together these four "Foundation collections" included many of the most treasured books now in the British Library, including the Lindisfarne Gospels and the sole surviving copy of Beowulf.

The body of trustees (which until 1963 was chaired by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor, and the Speaker of the House of Commons) decided on Montagu House, which it bought from the Montagu family for £20,000, as the location for the museum. The trustees rejected Buckingham House, on a site now occupied by Buckingham Palace, on the grounds of cost and the unsuitability of its location.

After its foundation, the British Museum received several gifts, including the Thomason Library and David Garrick's library of 1,000 printed plays, but had few ancient relics and would have been unrecognizable to visitors of the modern museum. The first notable addition to the collection of antiquities was by Sir William Hamilton, British ambassador to Naples, who sold his collection of Greek and Roman artifacts to the museum in 1782. In the early nineteenth century, the foundations for the extensive collection of sculptures began to be laid. After the defeat of the French in the Battle of the Nile in 1801, the British Museum acquired more Egyptian sculptures and the Rosetta Stone. Many Greek sculptures followed, notably the Towneley collection in 1805 and the Elgin Marbles in 1816.

The collection soon outgrew its surroundings and the situation became urgent with the donation in 1822 of King George III's personal library of 65,000 volumes, 19,000 pamphlets, maps, charts, and topographical drawings to the museum. The old Montagu House was demolished in 1845 and replaced by a design by the neoclassical architect Sir Robert Smirke.

The circular Reading Room.

Roughly contemporary with the construction of the new building was the career of a man sometimes called the "second founder" of the British Museum, the Italian librarian Antonio Panizzi. Under his supervision the British Museum Library quintupled in size and became a well-organized institution worthy of being called a national library. The quadrangle at the center of Smirke's design proved to be a waste of valuable space and was filled at Panizzi's request by a circular Reading Room of cast iron, designed by Smirke's brother, Sydney Smirke. Despite being amongst the most famous rooms in the world, until December 2000, it was accessible only to those with a Reader's ticket. This is where notable scholars such as Virginia Woolf, Thomas Carlyle, and Karl Marx researched and wrote some of their most important works.

The natural history collections were an integral part of the British Museum until their removal to the new Natural History Museum in 1887. The ethnography collections were until recently housed in the short-lived Museum of Mankind in Piccadilly; they were returned to Bloomsbury and the department of ethnography was renamed the department of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas.

The temporary exhibition Treasures of Tutankhamun, held by the British Museum in 1972, was the most successful in British history, attracting 1,694,117 visitors. In the same year, the Act of Parliament establishing the British Library was passed, separating the collection of manuscripts and printed books from the British Museum. The government suggested a site at St. Pancras in London for the new British Library, but the books did not leave the museum until 1997.

With the book stacks in the central courtyard of the museum now empty, the process of demolition for Lord Foster's glass-roofed Great Court could begin. The Great Court, opened in 2000, while undoubtedly improving circulation around the museum, was criticized for having a lack of exhibition space at a time when the museum was in serious financial difficulties and many galleries were closed to the public. In 2002, the museum was even closed for a day when its staff protested about proposed redundancies. A few weeks later the theft of a small Greek statue was blamed on lack of security staff.

The Building

Corner of the Great Court, with Easter Island moai.

The current structure replaced Montagu House of 1686.

The Greek Revival façade facing Great Russell Street is a characteristic building of Sir Robert Smirke, with 44 Ionic columns, 13.7 meters high, closely based on those of the temple of Athena Polias at Priene in Asia Minor. The pediment over the main entrance is decorated by sculptures by Sir Richard Westmacott depicting The Progress of Civilization, consisting of fifteen allegorical figures, installed in 1852.

The construction commenced around the courtyard with the East Wing (the King's Library) from 1823 to 1828, followed by the North Wing in 1833 to 1838. Originally this housed, amongst other galleries, a reading room called the Welcome Gallery. Work also progressed on the northern half of the West Wing (the Egyptian Sculpture Gallery) from 1826 to 1831. Montagu House was demolished in 1842 to make room for the final part of the West Wing, which was completed in 1846, and the South Wing with its great colonnade. This was initiated in 1843, and completed in 1847, when the Front Hall and Great Staircase were opened to the public.

In 1846, Robert Smirke was replaced as the museum's architect by his brother Sydney Smirke, whose major addition was the Round Reading Room constructed from 1854 to 1857; at 42.6 meters in diameter, it was then the second-widest dome in the world, the Pantheon in Rome being slightly wider.

Proposed British Museum Extension, 1906

The next major addition was the White Wing, constructed from 1882 to 1884 behind the eastern end of the South Front, the architect being Sir John Taylor.

In 1895, the trustees purchased the 69 houses surrounding the museum with the intention of demolishing them and building around the west, north, and east sides of the museum new galleries that would completely fill the block on which the museum stands. Of this grand plan, only the Edward VII galleries in the center of the North Front were ever constructed. These were built from 1906 to 1914, to the design of Sir John James Burnet, and house the Asian and Islamic collections.

The Duveen Gallery, housing the Elgin Marbles, was designed by the American Beaux-Arts architect John Russell Pope. Although completed in 1938, it was hit by a bomb in 1940 and remained semi-derelict for 22 years before reopening in 1962.

The Queen Elizabeth II Great Court is a covered square at the center of the British Museum designed by Buro Happold and Foster and Partners. The Great Court opened in December 2000 and is the largest covered square in Europe. The roof is a glass and steel construction with 1,656 panes of uniquely shaped glass panes. At the centre of the Great Court is the Reading Room vacated by the British Library. The Reading Room is open to any member of the public who wishes to read there.

The Departments

The British Museum, Room 90, Michelangelo's "Epifania," the last surviving large-scale cartoon by the artist

The museum is divided into nine departments:

Ancient Egypt and Sudan

Spanning 10,000 B.C.E. to the twelfth century C.E., these are probably the most comprehensive collections outside of their respective countries of origin.

Asia

This department covers all of the continent's history plus the Islamic world to the present day. The collections covering Mesopotamia and the succeeding cultures are the finest outside Iraq.

Coins and Medals

The numismatic collection consists of around 1,000,000 items. Its chronological scope is from the seventh century B.C.E. to the present day and its geographical scope is global.

Africa, Oceania and the Americas

The collection mainly consists of nineteenth- and twentieth-century items, although the Inca, Aztec, Maya, and other early cultures are well represented; collecting of modern artifacts is ongoing.

Greek and Roman Antiquities

The items in the collection cover c. 3200 B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E. and cover all geographical areas these cultures controlled or influenced.

Prehistory and Europe

The prehistoric collections cover Europe, Africa, and Asia, the earliest African artifacts being dated as much as two million years old. Coverage of Europe extends to the present day.

Prints and Drawings

This department covers Western graphic art from the fifteenth century to the present, containing around 50,000 drawings and 2,000,000 prints.

Conservation, Documentation, and Science

This department was founded in 1924. Conservation has six specialist areas: ceramics and glass; metals; organic material (including textiles); stone, wall paintings and mosaics; Eastern pictorial art and Western pictorial art. The science department develops techniques to date artifacts, analyze and identify the materials used in their manufacture, and to identify the places artifacts originated and the techniques used in their creation. The department also publishes its findings and discoveries.

Learning and Information

This department covers all levels of education, from casual visitors, schools, degree level and beyond. The museum's various libraries hold in excess of 350,000 books, journals, and pamphlets covering all areas of the museum's collection. The general museum archives, which date from its foundation in 1753, are overseen by this department; the individual departments have their own separate archives covering their various areas of responsibility.

The Collections

File:British Museum int-250px.jpg
The Egyptian sculpture galleries

Highlights of the collections include:

  • The Elgin Marbles, carvings from the Athenian Parthenon
  • The Portland Vase
  • The Rosetta Stone
  • The Stein collection from Central Asia
  • The Clock Room
  • Works by Albrecht Dürer: more than 100 drawings and 900 prints
  • Egyptian Mummies
  • The Benin Bronzes
  • The Cyrus Cylinder and many other Persian artifacts
  • Anglo-Saxon artifacts from the Sutton Hoo burial
  • The Lewis Chessmen
  • The Mold cape (a Bronze Age gold ceremonial cape)
  • The basalt moai (statue) Hoa Hakananai'a from Easter Island
  • The Mildenhall Treasure

The notorious Cupboard 55 in the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities, inaccessible by the public and known as "the Secretum," has a reputation for containing some of the most erotic objects in the British Museum. Though claiming to be from ancient cultures, many of the objects are Victorian fakes and are deemed unfit for public display on grounds of quality, rather than because of their supposed obscenity.

Controversy

A few of the Parthenon Marbles (popularly known as the Elgin Marbles) from the East Pediment of the Parthenon.

It is a point of controversy whether museums should be allowed to possess artifacts taken from other countries, and the British Museum is a notable target for criticism. The Parthenon Marbles and the Benin Bronzes are among the most disputed objects in its collections, and organizations have been formed demanding the return of both sets of artifacts to their native countries of Greece and Nigeria respectively.

The British Museum has refused to return either set, or any of its other disputed items, stating that the "restitutionist premise, that whatever was made in a country must return to an original geographical site, would empty both the British Museum and the other great museums of the world."[2] The museum has also argued that the British Museum Act of 1963 legally prevents it from selling any of its valuable artifacts, even the ones not on display. Critics have particularly argued against the right of the British Museum to own objects that it does not share with the public.

Supporters of the museum claim that it has provided protection for artifacts that may have otherwise been damaged or destroyed if they had been left in their original environments, a sentiment echoed by the director of the museum:

The Museum has always regarded it as a privilege to display some of the finest artworks known to mankind and has a responsibility to promote public understanding of them, which it does through exhibitions, publications and many educational programmes. The first responsibility of the Museum is, however, to keep the objects in its care safe for present and future generations.[2]

While some critics have accepted this, they also argue that the artifacts should now be returned to their countries of origin if there is sufficient expertise and desire there to preserve them. The British Museum continues to assert that it is an appropriate custodian and has an inalienable right to its disputed artifacts under British law. As a sign of dedication to legitimate ownership of artifacts, the museum even patrols the online auction site eBay for illicit artifacts of academic interest.[3] In 2006, however, the museum did agree to return the bones of 17 Tasmanian Aborigines to Australia. The decision to do so was made out of consideration to a new law concerning the repatriation of artifacts.[4]

Controversial graffiti artist Banksy, whose identity remains unknown, but whose work is witty, subversive, and prolific,[5] raised interesting issues within the art world when he hung his own work on the wall of the museum, unbeknownst to curators. The work is a satirical piece made to look like a cave drawing on a piece of rock of a man with a shopping cart. The museum actually kept the piece on display after realizing it had been placed there.[6]

Galleries

Joseph E. Hotung Gallery (Asia)

Hellenistic galleries

Notes

  1. About Us. The British Museum. Retrieved December 10, 2006.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Robert Anderson, Parthenon: Why the British Museum cannot and does not want to lend its Sculptures of the Parthenon, The British Museum. Retrieved November 29, 2006.
  3. Chris Williams, British Museum to police eBay, The Register, October 3, 2006. Retrieved November 29, 2006.
  4. British museum to return Tas Aboriginal remains. Reuters. Retrieved November 29, 2006.
  5. Banksy, Wall and Piece (Random House UK, 2005 ISBN 1844137864).
  6. Cave art hoax hits British Museum. BBC News. Retrieved November 29, 2006.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Banksy, Wall and Piece. Random House UK, 2005. ISBN 1844137864
  • British Museum. The British Museum and its Collections. Published for the Trustees of the British Museum, 1982. ISBN 0714120170
  • Caygill, Marjorie. Treasures of the British Museum. Harry N. Abrams, 1985. ISBN 0810916878

External links

All links retrieved March 6, 2013.


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